’WPCƒ  Nƒ7ģF,Ōh/ß"ś&N,xŒßŌ‡ ;xR!Y—ĀśŚßŽōø,Mī1¹,NĀī@“Q¤ä±×žXŗŪf ^C+ś“§—‘&¼å{6o؞žh(HŠ4KĖŲ…ś³ūĀŅm [ ¤āēéŌcwč7…z©'Ū•U“Ū³±Ļ=g7ų¤ćŖr0ąn/ū7>Ed–Ģ& ¤ĀüšB ˆ°©żqŗ6č‚Ę-@µxbÆR×ĪūX„ą:Éń›Ö'B32֌ĘĒīNŸĻĖXÕ¬{b2Ō IŸūą ¤<±]X±~“ŠŪE%ü5ä¼ćĮ2u9ćšc]|ĻWķm‘ŅČ·žD3‰bŁĶŠšXž É\ŚĪ¶QDf »6ķH¦j'īgÖƒ“åÓKGņ9ŗ§ä³¾ŁHGæÆ__¹ĢD²ĪÆóø= œxžWś`ĒŹ~;µĖC•KŗóģŽ{¾Ū~b ž ū]Ųs‹īÖń“(ÖóžÕ©’ńņ„Œ[āųŖCūēŻxOI"lXÉUąnXų %PUV 0„n 08##Į[( ND wF ^ J 4V j ml <H6X`(«<H6X`(XßxH6X@X@(ł¾¦`&åił¾¦P&PX(ł¾¦`(\!2•$¤¤Ż ƒū™!ŻŅ$°ŅŅ$°ŅŃ$°ŃŃ$°ŃÓ  ÓŌ€[ščXXXŌŌ€l…GjX[ščŌŌ€o…Gjjl…GŌŌ€€ģõ.jo…GŌŌ€t…Gj.€ģõŌŌ€t…Gjjt…GŌÓėÓŻ  ŻÓėÓŌ€ščXjt…GŌ€€€€€ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó3|7 (ū™$””Ņ$°ŅŅ$°ŅŃ$ŃŃ$ŃÓ  ÓŌ€[ščXXXŌŌ€l…GjX[ščŌŌ€o…Gjjl…GŌŌ€€ģõ.jo…GŌŌ€t…Gj.€ģõŌŌ€t…Gjjt…GŌÓėӘHP LaserJet IIIDŲ,,,,,Ų,0!wM( Ō}3((  ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒū™!ŻŅ$°ŅŅ$°ŅŃ$°ŃŃ$°ŃÓ  ÓŌ€[ščXXXŌŌ€l…GjX[ščŌŌ€o…Gjjl…GŌŌ€€ģõ.jo…GŌŌ€t…Gj.€ģõŌŌ€t…Gjjt…GŌÓėÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃc$ŃŃ$ŃŅ$ŅŅ$ŅŃ  ŃŃTR[,Ų' AXą3Ų' Letter Ų' A’Legal Landscape’3Ų'TŃŃÖd AŲ'hŲ',\,cÖŃŌ€>x‹":jt…GŌŌ€>ó7$:":>x‹ŌÓZęėÓŌ#aaddŌŃ8€p&%dødČ8ŃŲŲÓ  ÓŌ  Ōof€€Law€and€Medicine,€pointed€out€that€š šApplicantsŠ Ü Šfor€the€state€of€Georgia€bar€examination,€like€appli…Š ˆ¬ Šcants€in€many€other€states,€are€required€toŠ 4X Šstate...whether€they€have€ever€received€diagnosisŠ ą Šof...emotional€disturbance,€nervous€or€mental€disor…Š Œ° Šder,€or€received€regular€treatment€for€any€of€theseŠ 8\ Šconditions.€€Although€there€is€no€known€instance€ofŠ ä Šthis€information€having€been€used€to€keep€an€appli…Š “ Šcant€from€taking€the€examination€or€being€admittedŠ <` Što€the€Georgia€bar,€there€are€instances€of€denyingŠ č   Šapplicants€in€other€jurisdictionsšš€(Houghton€MifflinŠ ” ø  ŠCo.,€1980,€p.€234).Š @ d  Šą ` ąIn€the€same€book€Dr.€Ō_ŌRobitscherŌ_Ō€describedŠ ģ   Šthe€case€of€a€medical€school€applicant€who€hadŠ ˜ ¼  Šgraduated€from€college€magna€cum€laude,€who€wasŠ D h  Šadmitted€to€Phi€Beta€Kappa,€and€who€scored€in€theŠ š   Šupper€ninety„ninth€percentile€in€the€Medical€CollegeŠ œ Ą  ŠAdmission€Testš"šbut€who€was€denied€admission€toŠ Hl  Šmedical€school€because€she€had€sought€psychiatricŠ ō  Štreatment€(pp.€238„239).€He€said€this€is€typical€ofŠ  Ä  Šš šprejudicial€policies€of€not€admitting€or€readmittingŠ Lp  Šstudents€who€have€had€or€are€undergoing€psychother…Š ų Šapyšš€(p.€239).Š ¤Č Šą ` ąAn€airline€pilot€told€me€he€was€groundedŠ Pt Šfor€seven€months€by€the€Federal€Aviation€Adminis…Š ü  Štration€because€he€revealed€he€had€been€seeing€aŠ ØĢ Špsychiatrist€(for€so„called€outpatient€psychotherapy)Š Tx Šon€the€medical€history€questionnaire€he€was€requiredŠ $ Što€fill€out€as€part€of€his€routine€periodic€medicalŠ ¬Š Šexaminations€required€of€airline€pilots€and€whichŠ X| Šinvolved€criminal€penalties€(a€fine€of€up€to€$10,000Š ( Šand/or€up€to€five€years€imprisonment)€for€concealingŠ °Ō Šthe€requested€information.€€He€told€me€he€enjoyedŠ \€  Šseeing€the€psychiatrist€but€that€the€hassle€whichŠ ,! Šresulted€from€his€doing€so,€because€of€the€questionsŠ “Ų" Šit€created€about€his€job€qualifications,€outweighedŠ `„# Šwhatever€benefit€came€from€seeing€the€psychiatrist.€Š  0$ ŠHe€said€that€all€factors€considered,€š šIt€wasnššt€worthŠ øÜ% Šit.šš€€When€taking€physical€examinations,€pilots€in€theŠ dˆ& ŠUnited€States€are€required€to€š šList€all€visits€in€theŠ 4' Šlast€three€years€to€a€physician,€physician€assistant,Š ¼ą( Šnurse€practitioner,€ņņpsychologistóó,€ņņclinical€socialŠ hŒ) Šworkeróó,€or€substance€abuse€specialist€for€treatment,Š 8* Ševaluation,€or€counseling.€€Give€date,€name,€address,Š Ąä+ Šand€type€of€health€professional€consulted,€and€brieflyŠ l , Šstate€reason€for€consultation.€€...€€Routine€dental,€eye,Š !<- Šand€FAA€periodic€medical€examinations€may€beŠ Ä!č. Šexcludedšš€(FAA€Form€8500„8,€italics€added).€€ThisŠ p"”/ Šsuggests€that,€contrary€to€what€some€people€think,Š #@ 0 Šanyone€consulting€a€psychologist€or€clinical€socialŠ Č#ģ 1 Šworker€is€considered€suspect.€€That€is,€stigmaŠ t$˜!2 Šattaches€to€anyone€consulting€not€only€psychiatrists,Š  %D"3 Šbut€also€psychologists€or€social€workers.€€RoutineŠ Ģ%š"4 Šdental€or€eye€examinations€involve€no€stigma€orŠ Ü Šsuspicion€of€disqualification€and€therefore€are€notŠ ˆ¬ Šrequired€to€be€reported.Š 4X Šą ` ą€€The€1988€Democratic€Party€PresidentialŠ ą Šnominee,€Massachusetts€Governor€MichaelŠ Œ° ŠDukakis,€in€the€words€of€ņņNewsweekóó,€š šwas€accusedŠ 8\ Šof€having€received€psychiatric€treatmentšš€(š šTheŠ ä ŠHigh€Velocity€Rumor€Millšš,€ņņNewsweek,óó€August€15,Š “ Š1988,€p.€22.€€See€also,€Andrew€Ō_ŌRosenthalŌ_Ō,€š šDukakisŠ <` ŠReleases€Medical€Details€To€Stop€Rumors€onŠ č   ŠMental€Healthšš,€ņņThe€New€York€Timesóó,€August€4,Š ” ø  Š1988,€p.€1).€The€accusations€proved€to€be€false,€butŠ @ d  Šthe€impression€given€by€the€news€reports€about€thisŠ ģ   Šstory€is€that€Dukakisšš€presidential€campaign€wouldŠ ˜ ¼  Šhave€been€doomed€by€this€one€fact€alone€if€the€claimŠ D h  Šhe€had€ever€consulted€a€psychiatrist€or€psychologistŠ š   Šhad€proven€to€be€true.€€In€1972€U.S.€SenatorŠ œ Ą  ŠThomas€Ō_ŌEagletonŌ_Ō€was€nominated€for€Vice-PresidentŠ Hl  Šof€the€United€States€at€the€Democratic€NationalŠ ō  ŠConvention€but€subsequently€was€removed€from€theŠ  Ä  Šticket€by€the€Democratic€National€Committee€whenŠ Lp  Šit€became€known€he€had€undergone€psychiatricŠ ų Štreatment,€including€hospitalization€and€electricŠ ¤Č Šshock€treatment.Š Pt Šą ` ąBruce€Ō_ŌEnnisŌ_Ō,€an€ACLU€attorney€who€hasŠ ü  Šrepresented€people€deprived€of€employment€becauseŠ ØĢ Šof€psychiatric€stigma,€argues€that€š šIn€the€job€market,Š Tx Šit€is€better€to€be€an€ex„convict€than€an€ex„mentalŠ $ Špatient.šš€€He€says€š švery€few€employers€will€know…Š ¬Š Šingly€hire€an€ex„mental€patient.šš€€He€points€out€thatŠ X| Šš šAlmost€all€public€employers€and€most€large€com…Š ( Španies€ask€job€applicants€if€they€have€ever€beenŠ °Ō Šhospitalized€for€mental€illnessšš€and€that€š šIf€theŠ \€  Šanswer€is€yes,€the€applicant€will€almost€certainly€notŠ ,! Šget€the€jobšš.€€Mr.€Ō_ŌEnnisŌ_Ō€also€points€out€that€š šif€theŠ “Ų" Šapplicant€lies€and€says€no,€he€runs€the€risk€of€even…Š `„# Štual€discoveryšš.€€On€this€basis€Mr.€Ō_ŌEnnisŌ_Ō€argues€thatŠ  0$ Šš šIt€is€time€for€psychiatrists€and€judges€to€face€theŠ øÜ% Šbrutal€facts.€€When€they€commit€a€person€to€a€mentalŠ dˆ& Šhospital,€they€are€taking€away€not€only€his€liberty,Š 4' Šbut€also€any€chance€he€might€have€for€a€decent€lifeŠ ¼ą( Šin€the€future.šš€€On€the€basis€of€his€experience€as€anŠ hŒ) Šattorney€for€people€saddled€with€psychiatric€stigmaŠ 8* Šhe€observes€that€š šEven€voluntary€hospitalizationŠ Ąä+ Šcreates€so€many€problems€and€closes€so€many€doorsŠ l , Šthat€an€old€joke€takes€on€new€truthš"ša€person€has€toŠ !<- Šbe€crazy€to€sign€himself€into€a€mental€hospitalššŠ Ä!č. Š(Bruce€J.€Ō_ŌEnnisŌ_Ō,€ņņPrisoners€of€Psychiatry:€MentalŠ p"”/ ŠPatients,€Psychiatrists,€and€the€Lawóó,€HarcourtŠ #@ 0 ŠBrace€Jovanovich,€1972,€pp.€143„144).€€Mr.€Ō_ŌEnnisŌ_ŌŠ Č#ģ 1 Šwrote€those€remarks€in€1972,€but€if€anyone€is€in…Š t$˜!2 Šclined€to€think€psychiatric€stigma€substantiallyŠ  %D"3 Šdiminished€during€the€1970s€and€1980s,€considerŠ Ģ%š"4 Šonce€again€the€reaction€of€the€press€and€public€inŠ Ü Š1988€to€the€apparently€false€allegation€that€presiden…Š ˆ¬ Štial€candidate€Governor€Michael€Dukakis€hadŠ 4X Špreviously€consulted€a€psychiatrist.€€That€it€shouldŠ ą Šbe€such€a€headline€grabbing€issue€shows€howŠ Œ° Šstigmatizing€is€ņņanyóó€experience€as€a€psychiatricŠ 8\ Šš špatientšš.€€This€public€reaction€is€particularly€note…Š ä Šworthy€in€light€of€the€fact€that€Governor€DukakisŠ “ Šwas€accused€only€of€consulting€a€psychiatrist€in€hisŠ <` Šoffice,€not€psychiatric€hospitalization.Š č   Šą ` ąThe€presumption€of€unreliability,Š ” ø  Šuntrustworthiness,€and€emotional€instability€whichŠ @ d  Šflows€from€having€ever€sought€psychiatric€or€psy…Š ģ   Šchological€š štherapyšš€doesnššt€haunt€only€people€withŠ ˜ ¼  Šresponsibilities€like€doctors,€lawyers,€airline€pilots,Š D h  Šand€Presidential/Vice-Presidential€candidates:€In€hisŠ š   Šbook,€ņņPrisoners€of€Psychiatryóó,€ACLU€attorneyŠ œ Ą  ŠBruce€Ō_ŌEnnisŌ_Ō€reports€many€cases€of€people€who€haveŠ Hl  Šbeen€denied€taxi€driver€licenses€because€of€pastŠ ō  Špsychiatric€treatment€even€though€š šMost€of€themŠ  Ä  Šhad€never€been€hospitalizedšš€and€had€never€doneŠ Lp  Šanything€to€suggest€they€were€dangerous€(p.€160).Š ų Šą ` ąIn€a€book€she€wrote,€Eileen€Ō_ŌWalkensteinŌ_Ō,Š ¤Č ŠM.D.,€a€psychiatrist,€says€š šA€psychiatric€diagnosisŠ Pt Šis€like€a€jail€sentence,€a€permanent€mark€on€yourŠ ü  Šrecord€that€follows€you€wherever€you€gošš€(ņņDonšštŠ ØĢ ŠShrink€To€Fit!€A€Confrontation€with€Dehumaniza…Š Tx Štion€in€Psychiatry€and€Psychologyóó,€Grove€Press,Š $ Š1975,€p.€22).€If€you€consult€a€mental€health€profes…Š ¬Š Šsional,€you€will€probably€get€ņņsomeóó€kind€of€š šdiagno…Š X| Šsisšš.€€In€at€least€some€states,€professional€licensingŠ ( Šlaws€ņņrequireóó€mental€health€professionals,€includingŠ °Ō Špsychologists,€to€keep€a€written€record€of€š šdiagno…Š \€  Šsisšš€and€š štreatmentšš.Š ,! Šą ` ąIn€1992,€Commenting€on€the€AmericansŠ “Ų" Šwith€Disabilities€Act€(ADA),€Peter€Ō_ŌManheimerŌ_Ō,Š `„# Šchairperson€of€the€Commission€for€the€Advance…Š  0$ Šment€of€the€Physically€Handicapped,€said€š šIt€is€mostŠ øÜ% Šappropriate€that€the€ADA€protects€recovering€drugŠ dˆ& Šaddicts,€alcoholics,€persons€with€AIDS,€ņņand€personsŠ 4' Šwho€have€mental€and€psychological€disabilities,€asŠ ¼ą( Šthey€form€the€most€misunderstood€and€fearedŠ hŒ) Športion€of€the€disability€community.€€They€suffer€theŠ 8* Šgreatest€discriminationó󚚀(Peter€Ō_ŌManheimerŌ_Ō,€š šRe…Š Ąä+ Športing€on€persons€with€disabilitiesšš,€letter€to€theŠ l , Šeditor,€ņņMiami€Heraldóó,€July€24,€1992,€p.Š !<- Š16Aš"šitalics€added).Š Ä!č. Šą ` ąAnd€š ša€study€by€the€National€Institute€ofŠ p"”/ ŠMental€Health€in€1993€found€that€even€ex„convictsŠ #@ 0 Šrank€above€former€mental€patients€in€social€accep…Š Č#ģ 1 Štancešš€(Chi€Ō_ŌChiŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌSileoŌ_Ō,€š šRip„offs€Depress€MentalŠ t$˜!2 ŠHealth€Carešš,€ņņInsightóó€magazine,€January€24,€1994,Š  %D"3 Šp.€14.)€€This€article€quotes€a€psychiatric€hospitalŠ Ģ%š"4 Špatient€saying€š šThe€stigma€is€incredible†...†ForgetŠ Ü Štelling€an€employer!€€Sometimes€they€find€outŠ ˆ¬ Šanyway,€and€all€of€a€sudden€youššre€unfit€to€workŠ 4X Štherešš€(ibid).€€In€his€autobiography,€KennethŠ ą ŠDonaldson€said€after€he€had€been€committed€to€aŠ Œ° Špsychiatric€hospital,€people€š šaccepted€a€psychiatricŠ 8\ Šdiagnosis€which€forever€rent€the€fabric€of€my€life.€Š ä ŠThereafter,€not€only€society€at€large€but€members€ofŠ “ Šmy€family€would€not€see€Ken€the€son€and€father€andŠ <` Šfriend,€but€Ken€the€mental€patient.€€From€this€wouldŠ č   Šflow€Ō_ŌunimaginedŌ_Ō€misery,€a€fog€which€would€envelopŠ ” ø  Šall€our€lives.€€And€our€situation€would€be,€of€course,Š @ d  Šrepresentative€of€millions.€€The€fog€would€seep€intoŠ ģ   Šmy€employment,€my€relations€with€doctors,€myŠ ˜ ¼  Šaccess€to€lawyers€and€the€courts.€€Every€enterpriseŠ D h  Šin€which€I€would€engage€would€be€poisoned€by€theŠ š   Šlabel.€€It€haunted€me€and€frightened€othersšš€(ņņInsan…Š œ Ą  Šity€Inside€Outóó,€Crown€Pub.,€1976,€p.€321).Š Hl  Šą ` ąIn€his€book€ņņThe€Powers€of€Psychiatryóó,Š ō  ŠEmory€University€professor€Jonas€Ō_ŌRobitscherŌ_Ō,€J.D.,Š  Ä  ŠM.D.,€said:€š šPsychiatrists€have€been€so€criticized€forŠ Lp  Šthe€errors€or€vagueness€in€their€labeling€proceduresŠ ų Šbecause€the€label€produces€a€new€disability,€whichŠ ¤Č Šoften€remains€as€a€burden€long€after€the€symptomsŠ Pt Šthat€led€to€the€label€have€departed.€€...€€A€study€of€theŠ ü  Šattitudes€in€a€small€town€indicates€that€fellow€towns…Š ØĢ Špeople€reject€other€members€of€the€community€in€aŠ Tx Šdirect€relationship€to€the€professionalization€andŠ $ Šspecialization€of€the€source€of€help,€with€the€leastŠ ¬Š Šrejection€when€help€is€sought€from€a€clergyman,Š X| Šincreasing€percentages€of€rejection€for€those€seekingŠ ( Špsychiatric€help€from€physicians€and€psychiatrists,Š °Ō Šand€the€most€rejection€for€those€who€get€mentalŠ \€  Šhospital€help.€€A€study€of€work€supervisors€showsŠ ,! Šthat€the€knowledge€that€an€employee€is€seeing€aŠ “Ų" Špsychiatrist€would€be€likely€to€rule€out€a€promotionŠ `„# Ševen€if€the€employee€is€doing€good€work†...†The€harmŠ  0$ Šand€potential€harm€done€to€mental€patients€andŠ øÜ% Šformer€mental€patients€is€not€only€confined€to€thoseŠ dˆ& Šwho€have€had€serious€illnesses,€those€who€have€beenŠ 4' Šhospitalized€or€who€have€had€to€interrupt€careers€orŠ ¼ą( Šschooling.€€Psychiatrists€know€that€many€peopleŠ hŒ) Šwho€consult€them€as€outpatients€are€much€less€ššsickššŠ 8* Šthan€many€or€most€of€the€general€population.€€IfŠ Ąä+ Šthese€people€had€decided€not€to€be€patients€butŠ l , Šinstead€to€be€clients€or€parishioners€and€had€takenŠ !<- Štheir€problems€to€a€social€worker,€a€pastoral€coun…Š Ä!č. Šselor,€or€a€faith€healer,€they€would€have€incurred€noŠ p"”/ Šstigma.€€...€€The€ubiquitous€questionnaires€that€ask,Š #@ 0 ŠššHave€you€ever€consulted€a€physician€for€a€physicalŠ Č#ģ 1 Šor€emotional€or€mental€condition?šš€do€not€takeŠ t$˜!2 Šaccount€of€those€who€should€have€and€havenššt,€orŠ  %D"3 Šthose€who€are€able€to€answer€no€because€they€haveŠ Ģ%š"4 Štaken€their€problems€to€an€encounter€group,€aŠ Ü Šsensitivity„training€session,€an€est€seminar,€or€aŠ ˆ¬ Šconsciousness„raising€group,€and€so€have€escapedŠ 4X Šthe€discriminatory€effect€of€seeking€helpšš€(pp.€230,Š ą Š232,€233).Š Œ° Šą ` ąThe€difficulty€of€getting€a€health€insuranceŠ 8\ Špolicy€after€having€sought€psychiatric€or€psychologi…Š ä Šcal€š štherapyšš€or€even€marriage€Ō_ŌcounsellingŌ_Ō€wasŠ “ Šmentioned€in€the€August€1990€issue€of€ņņConsumerŠ <` ŠReportsóó€in€an€article€titled€š šThe€Crisis€in€HealthŠ č   ŠInsurancešš:€š šVirtually€no€commercial€carriers€andŠ ” ø  Šonly€a€handful€of€Blue€Cross€and€Blue€Shield€plansŠ @ d  Šwill€sell€policies€to€anyone€who€has€had€heart€dis…Š ģ   Šease,€internal€cancer,€diabetes,€strokes,€adrenalŠ ˜ ¼  Šdisorders,€epilepsy,€or€ulcerative€colitis.€€TreatmentŠ D h  Šfor€alcohol€and€substance€abuse,€ņņdepression,€orŠ š   Ševen€visits€to€a€marriage€counseloróó€can€also€meanŠ œ Ą  Ša€rejection.€€If€you€have€less€serious€conditions,€youŠ Hl  Šmay€get€coverage,€but€on€unfavorable€termsšš€(p.Š ō  Š540†„†italics€added).Š  Ä  Šą ` ąThe€stigma€involved€in€obtaining€psychiatricŠ Lp  Šš štherapyšš€was€discussed€in€an€article€by€columnistŠ ų ŠDarrell€Ō_ŌSiffordŌ_Ō€titled€š šShould€You€Lie€About€Psy…Š ¤Č Šchiatric€Care?šš€appearing€in€ņņThe€Charlotte€Ob…Š Pt Šserveróó€(Charlotte,€N.C.)€on€June€10,€1990.€€AŠ ü  Šmother€wrote€to€Mr.€Ō_ŌSiffordŌ_Ō€asking€whether€herŠ ØĢ Šteenage€son,€who€was€about€to€apply€for€admissionŠ Tx Što€college,€should€answer€truthfully€the€questionsŠ $ Šabout€psychiatric€treatment,€which€he€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€at€theŠ ¬Š Šage€of€15.€€She€wrote:€š šMany€of€these€[collegeŠ X| Šapplication]€forms€request€information€regarding€anyŠ ( Špsychiatric€treatment.€€And€once€he€is€out€in€the€realŠ °Ō Šworld,€most€job€application€forms€ask€for€the€sameŠ \€  Šinformation€...€€Have€we€[by€insisting€he€get€psychi…Š ,! Šatric€care]€doomed€him€to€a€future€of€lying€onŠ “Ų" Šapplication€forms€for€fear€of€losing€the€position€orŠ `„# Šcollege€being€applied€for?€€What€should€we€do?šš€Š  0$ ŠThe€newspaper€columnist€realized€the€womanššsŠ øÜ% Šquestion€is€what€he€called€š ša€serious€question.€€VeryŠ dˆ& ŠSerious.šš€€He€shared€the€womanššs€letter€with€PaulŠ 4' ŠFink,€immediate€past€president€of€the€AmericanŠ ¼ą( ŠPsychiatric€Association.€€This€was€Dr.€Finkššs€ad…Š hŒ) Švice:€š šI€would€tell€them€to€lie€on€the€forms€...€TheŠ 8* Šstigma€is€there,€and€to€deny€it€and€sacrifice€yourselfŠ Ąä+ Šby€telling€the€truth€makes€no€sense.€€...€With€theŠ l , Špublic€at€large€I€work€to€decrease€stigma,€but€withŠ !<- Šindividual€patients€I€impress€on€them€how€wide…Š Ä!č. Šspread€and€deeply€rooted€the€stigma€is.€€...€If€twoŠ p"”/ Špeople€who€are€equal€in€credentials€apply€for€a€jobŠ #@ 0 Šand€one€has€had€psychiatric€treatment,€that€personŠ Č#ģ 1 Šwill€be€discriminated€against,€and€heššll€be€the€loserŠ t$˜!2 Šin€the€competition€for€the€job.€€...€€Even€if€the€personŠ  %D"3 Šwith€treatment€had€better€credentials,€he€most€likelyŠ Ģ%š"4 Šstill€would€lose€out€to€the€other€person.€€Thatššs€howŠ Ü Šdeeply€rooted€the€stigma€is.€€...€€I€will€not€encourageŠ ˆ¬ Šanybody€to€acknowledge€that€they€had€treatmentšš€(p.Š 4X Š4E).Š ą Šą ` ąDo€you€want€to€go€through€life€with€thisŠ Œ° Škind€of€secret?€€How€do€you€feel€about€lying€onŠ 8\ Šapplications€for€the€rest€of€your€life?€€If€it€is€yourŠ ä Šrebellious€adolescent€or€troubled€spouse€for€whomŠ “ Šyouššre€considering€psychiatric€š štreatmentšš,€askŠ <` Šyourself€this€question:€Do€you€really€hate€yourŠ č   Šrebellious€teenager€or€spouse€enough€to€impose€thisŠ ” ø  Škind€of€problem€on€him€or€her?€€Is€it€really€the€rightŠ @ d  Šthing€to€do?€€The€problems€motivating€you€to€im…Š ģ   Špose€so„called€therapy€on€a€member€of€your€familyŠ ˜ ¼  Šare€probably€temporary,€but€psychiatric€stigma€isŠ D h  Šforever.Š š   Šą ` ąThe€Americans€with€Disabilities€ActŠ œ Ą  Š(ADA),€is€unlikely€to€help€much,€despite€its€aim€ofŠ Hl  Šeliminating€discrimination€in€employment€againstŠ ō  Špeople€with€disabilities,€including€alleged€psychiatricŠ  Ä  Šdisabilities.€€As€Jonas€Ō_ŌRobitscherŌ_Ō,€J.D.,€M.D.,€saidŠ Lp  Šin€his€book€ņņThe€Powers€of€Psychiatryóó€prior€to€theŠ ų Šenactment€of€the€ADA:€š šThe€disclosure€that€one€isŠ ¤Č Šor€has€been€mentally€ill€can€lead€to€rejection,€andŠ Pt Šother€reasons€for€the€rejection€can€always€be€found.€Š ü  Š...€€Forcing€private€employers€to€hire€the€disabledŠ ØĢ Šwould€raise€issues€of€invasion€of€privacy€and€prob…Š Tx Šlems€of€enforcement.€€Stigmatization€will€continueŠ $ Što€be€a€problem,€and€discrimination€will€continue€toŠ ¬Š Šexistšš€(p.€241„242).€€In€areas€covered€by€the€ADA,Š X| Šavailing€oneself€of€its€protection€will€probablyŠ ( Šrequire€large€amounts€of€time€spent€in€litigation€andŠ °Ō Ša€lot€of€money€paid€in€lawyerššs€fees,€with€uncertainŠ \€  Šresults.Š ,! Š€ą ` ąAnd€there€are€many€areas€of€stigmatizationŠ “Ų" Šand€discrimination€the€ADA€and€other€laws€donšštŠ `„# Šcover.€€One€example€is€colleges€and€universities€thatŠ  0$ Šdo€not€receive€federal€funds.€€Another€is€the€effect€ofŠ øÜ% Špsychiatric€stigma€on€personal€relationships:€Keep…Š dˆ& Šing€secrets€conceals€parts€of€who€you€are€and€pre…Š 4' Švents€emotional€intimacy€of€the€sort€most€peopleŠ ¼ą( Šwant€with€friends€and€especially€with€oneššs€spouse;Š hŒ) Šbut€sharing€ņņthisóó€secret€leaves€you€open€to€blackmailŠ 8* Šor€similar€kinds€of€pressure.€€Concealing€psychiatricŠ Ąä+ Šš štreatmentšš€from€an€employer€(as€is€often€necessaryŠ l , Što€get€a€job)€but€revealing€it€to€oneššs€spouse€or€aŠ !<- Šfriend€gives€the€spouse€or€friend€knowledge€that€canŠ Ä!č. Šbe€used€against€you€if€your€relationship€turns€sour.€Š p"”/ ŠShould€you€be€put€in€a€position€where€you€must€lieŠ #@ 0 Što€your€spouse€or€a€friend€to€keep€secret€your€historyŠ Č#ģ 1 Šof€so„called€psychiatric€or€psychological€š štherapyššŠ t$˜!2 Š(e.g.,€if€he€or€she€should€ask),€you€introduce€decep…Š  %D"3 Štion€into€a€relationship€where€probably€you€wish€youŠ Ģ%š"4 Šcould€be€honest€and€sincere.€€Even€if€you€donššt€tellŠ Ü Šyour€spouse€or€someone€you€are€thinking€aboutŠ ˆ¬ Šmarrying,€divorce€now€occurs€in€the€ņņmajorityóó€ofŠ 4X Šmarriages,€and€in€a€divorce†š"š†especially€if€you€getŠ ą Šinto€a€dispute€over€child€custody€or€even€visitationŠ Œ° Šrights†š"š†your€spouseššs€attorney€will€probably€askŠ 8\ Šyou,€under€oath€when€you€are€subject€to€the€penal…Š ä Šties€of€perjury,€if€you€have€ever€had€psychiatric€orŠ “ Špsychotherapeutic€š štreatmentšš†š"š†perhaps€confront…Š <` Šing€you€with€the€choice€of€committing€perjury€orŠ č   Šjeopardizing€your€employment€by€telling€the€truth.€Š ” ø  ŠWhether€you€admit€having€had€psychiatric€or€psy…Š @ d  Šchological€š štherapyšš€or€it€is€discovered€some€otherŠ ģ   Šway,€the€resulting€stigma€may€result€in€losing€yourŠ ˜ ¼  Šchildren€in€a€custody€battle,€and€threats€to€reveal€it€toŠ D h  Šyour€employer€may€be€used€to€pressure€you€to€agreeŠ š   Što€property€division€or€alimony€(or€lack€of€it)€or€anŠ œ Ą  Šamount€of€child€support€that€is€not€appropriate.€€YouŠ Hl  Šmay€have€to€consider€these€problems€when€contem…Š ō  Šplating€the€wisdom€of€getting€married€orŠ  Ä  Šdivorcedš"šproblems€you€could€have€avoided€byŠ Lp  Šsimply€avoiding€having€received€š štherapyšš.€€You€areŠ ų Šlikely€to€face€a€similar€dilemma€if€you€are€everŠ ¤Č Šcalled€for€jury€duty,€since€during€the€jury€selectionŠ Pt Šphase€of€the€trial€potential€jurors€are€often€asked,Š ü  Šunder€oath,€if€they€have€ever€had€psychiatric€š štreat…Š ØĢ Šmentšš.Š Tx Šą ` ąIf€the€so-called€therapy€helped€enough,€itŠ $ Šmight€be€worth€the€problems€created€by€the€stigmaŠ ¬Š Šof€having€had€psychiatric€or€psychological€š šhelpšš.€Š X| ŠHowever,€the€benefit€assumed€to€come€from€psychi…Š ( Šatric€and€psychological€š štherapyšš€(itself€a€question…Š °Ō Šable€assumption)€is€vastly€outweighed€by€the€stigmaŠ \€  Šthat€comes€from€receiving€it.€€The€stigma€that€resultsŠ ,! Šfrom€seeing€psychiatrists,€psychologists,€or€psychiat…Š “Ų" Šric€social€workers€is€a€strong€argument€in€favor€ofŠ `„# Šinstead€consulting€friends,€family,€or€nonprofessionalŠ  0$ Šcounselors€whose€expertise€comes€from€life€ratherŠ øÜ% Šthan€from€š šprofessionalšš€training,€or€simply€workingŠ dˆ& Šat€solving€your€problems€yourself.Š 4' ŠĢĢņņņņTHE€AUTHOR,€Lawrence€Stevens,€is€a€lawyer€whose€practiceŠ 8* Šhas€included€representing€psychiatric€š špatientsšš.€€His€pamphletsŠ œĄ+ Šare€not€copyrighted.€€You€are€invited€to€make€copies€for€distribu…Š $ H, Štion€to€those€you€think€will€benefit.€€They€are€published€on€theŠ ¬ Š- ŠInternet€at€http://www.antipsychiatry.org.óóóóŠ  4!X. ŠŃ  Ńņ ņą@üü "ąņņPSYCHIATRICˆŠ \ Šą@$$""ąSTIGMAóóˆŠ µY ŠĢą@ "ąņņfollows€youˆŠ ŗ^ Šą@ŖŖ"ąeverywhere€you€goˆŠ Š. Šą@,,"ąš"šfor€the€rest€ofˆŠ Zž Šą@––!"ąyour€lifeóóˆŠ *Ī Šó óĢą@śś"ąa€warning€fromˆŠ ¦J Šą@ĪĪ"ąLawrence€Stevens,€J.D.ˆŠ R ö  ŠĢĢA€problem€you€should€think€about€before€consultingŠ V ś  Ša€mental€health€professional,€or€encouraging€some…Š  ¦  Šone€else€to€do€so,€is€the€stigma€of€having€receivedŠ ® R  Šthe€so„called€therapy.€€If€you€seek€counseling€orŠ Z ž  Šš štherapyšš€from€a€psychiatrist€or€psychologist,€howŠ Ŗ  Šare€you€going€to€answer€questions€on€job€applica…Š ²V  Štions,€applications€for€occupational€or€professionalŠ ^ Šlicenses,€a€driverššs€license,€applications€for€health€orŠ  ® Šlife€insurance,€and€school€and€college€applications,Š ¶Z Šsuch€as€š šHave€you€ever€had€psychiatric€or€psycho…Š b Šlogical€therapy?šš€€When€you€apply€for€a€job€orŠ ² Šoccupational€license€or€a€driverššs€license€or€apply€forŠ ŗ^ Šan€insurance€policy€or€admission€to€an€educationalŠ f  Šprogram€you€will€often€be€required€to€answer€this€orŠ ¶ Ša€similar€question.€€When€you€answer€such€ques…Š ¾b Štions€candidly€and€admit€having€received€psychiatricŠ j Šor€psychological€š šhelpšš,€the€result€often€will€be€lossŠ ŗ Šof€important€opportunities:€Answering€yes€to€suchŠ Āf Šquestions€often€results€in€rejection€for€employmentŠ n Šor€Ō_ŌlicensureŌ_Ō€or€admission€to€college€or€other€educa…Š ¾ Štional€program€or€denial€of€insurance€coverage.€Š Ęj  ŠŃ °XŃSometimes€you€will€be€forced€to€ask€your€š šthera…Š r! Špistšš€to€breach€the€confidentiality€of€your€communi…Š Ā" Šcations€with€him€or€her€by€making€a€report€on€you€inŠ Źn# Šorder€for€you€to€get€a€job,€license,€insurance€cover…Š v$ Šage,€or€admission€to€school.€€If€you€conceal€yourŠ "Ę% Šexperience€of€psychiatric€or€psychological€š štherapyššŠ Īr& Šby€answering€š šnošš,€thereafter€you€will€have€to€beŠ z' Šcareful€to€watch€what€you€say€and€to€whom,€and€youŠ &Ź( Šmay€with€good€reason€worry€about€being€found€out†Š Ņv) Šš"šsince€you€run€the€risk€of€being€fired€from€a€†job€orŠ ~"* Šexpelled€from€school€or€suffering€revocation€ofŠ * Ī+ ŠŌ_Ōlicen‚sureŌ_Ō€if€your€deception€is€ever€€discovered.€€YouŠ Ö z, Šmay€eventually€find€the€insurance€policy€you€haveŠ ‚!& - Šbeen€paying€premiums€on€for€many€years€is€value…Š ."Ņ . Šless€because€of€what€you€concealed€on€the€applica…Š Ś"~!/ Štion€for€the€policy€several€years€earlier.Š †#*"0 Šą ` ąIn€his€book€ņņThe€Powers€of€Psychiatryóó,Š 2$Ö"1 ŠJonas€Ō_ŌRobitscherŌ_Ō,€J.D.,€M.D.,€Professor€of€Law€andŠ Ž$‚#2 ŠBehavioral€Sciences€at€Emory€Universityššs€€Schools