WPC Dctk0Ѥ,=󮉸=V |dYFIrs?y-̜#Lw|V:+s5Ɂg{d={aRDX\4ە%i|uEp^ zm08AOzY `Z:oqdqzfQɆ/~=mK!ON`2ɗ$'àۤN&O,@W;첰fr !7 uh e tE[Bܴ3 i ==ݓf_n~TBϼ:`>0!OuvK}Il! AƭEcAlcIhAT!*UO03k! @ӎ#'5*7s"m;qȊVU:nX( %U@#( 0>Nw^ 4# m%<< 0Nx<6X9`("Courier 10cpi<6X9`("Courier 10cpiXx6X@8;X@) `(CG TimesScalable&&m P7&PX) `(CG TimesScalable3|x HP LaserJet IIID,,,,,,0!(vl$77USUS.,[XXXkXX[oXXkXXosXXsXXs.ŦW( }3(D Uhttp://www.antipsychiatry.org(O$ vl!USUS.,[څXXXkڅXX[څoڅXXkڅڅXXoڅsڅXXڅsڅXXsڅ.  _  TR[,'AX3' Letter 'ALegal Landscape3'TdA'h',\,=W=Xsڅ====W.    8&%dd8#bbddnonspecificcategorywhichincludesalmostevery  thingahumanbeingcando,think,orfeelthat  isgreatlydislikedbyotherpeopleorbytheso 6Z calledschizophrenicsthemselves.Therearefew  so-calledmentalillnessesthathavenotatonetime  oranotherbeencalledschizophrenia.Because =a schizophreniaisatermthatcoversjustabout  everythingapersoncanthinkordowhichpeople  greatlydislike,itishardtodefineobjectively. Dh АTypically,definitionsofschizophreniaarevague   orinconsistentwitheachother.Forexample,    whenIaskedaphysicianwhowastheAssistant K o  Superintendentofastatementalhospitaltodefine    thetermschizophreniaforme,hewithallserious    nessreplied splitpersonality"that'sthemost R v  populardefinition.Incontrast,apamphlet  #  publishedbytheNationalAlliancefortheMen   tallyIlltitled WhatIsSchizophrenia?says Y}   Schizophreniaisnotasplitpersonality.Inher *  book_Schiz_Ԅo_phre_Ԅ_nia_:StraightTalkforFamily   andFriends,publishedin1985,_Maryellen_ԀWalsh `  says Schizophreniaisoneofthemostmisunder  1 stooddiseasesontheplanet.Mostpeoplethink  thatitmeanshavingasplitpersonality.Most g peoplearewrong.Schizophreniaisnotasplitting 8 ofthepersonalityintomultipleparts(Warner  Books,p.41).TheAmericanPsychiatricAssoci n ation's(APA's)DiagnosticandStatisticalManual ? ofMentalDisorders(SecondEdition),alsoknown  asDSMII,publishedin1968,definedschizophre u niaas characteristicdisturbancesofthinking, "F mood,orbehavior(p.33).Adifficultywith  suchadefinitionisitissobroadjustaboutany |  thingpeopledislikeorconsiderabnormal,i.e., )M! anyso-calledmentalillness,canfitwithinit.In " theForewordtoDSMII,ErnestM._Gruenberg_, # M.D.,_D.P.H._,ChairmanoftheAmericanPsy 0T$ chiatricAssociation'sCommitteeonNomencla % ture,said: Consider,forexample,themental & disorderlabeledintheManualas`schizophrenia,' 7[' І...Evenifithadtried,theCommitteecouldnot ( establishagreementaboutwhatthisdisorderis ) (p.ix).ThethirdeditionoftheAPA'sDiagnostic >b* andStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders, + publishedin1980,commonlycalledDSM-III,was  , alsoquitecandidaboutthevaguenessoftheterm. E!i- Itsaid: ThelimitsoftheconceptofSchizophre !. niaareunclear(p.181).Therevisionpublished "/ in1987,DSM-III-R,containsasimilarstatement: L#p 0  Itshouldbenotedthatnosinglefeatureisinvari #!1 ablypresentorseenonlyinSchizophrenia(p. $!2 188).DSMIIIRalsosaysthisaboutarelated S%w"3 diagnosis,_Schizoaffective_ԀDisorder: Theterm  _Schizoaffective_ԀDisorderhasbeenusedinmany  differentwayssinceitwasfirstintroducedasa 6Z subtypeofSchizophrenia,andrepresentsoneof  themostconfusingandcontroversialconceptsin  psychiatricnosology(p.208). =a  ` Particularlynoteworthyintoday'sprevail  ingintellectualclimateinwhichmentalillnessis  consideredtohavebiologicalorchemicalcauses Dh iswhatthisstillcurrenteditionoftheDiagnostic   andStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,    АDSM-III-R,saysaboutsuchphysicalcausesofthis K o  catchallconceptofschizophrenia:Itsaysa    diagnosisofschizophrenia ismadeonlywhenit    cannotbeestablishedthatanorganicfactoriniti R v  atedandmaintainedthedisturbance(p.187).  #  Underscoringthisdefinitionof schizophreniaas   nonbiologicalisthelatest(1987)editionofThe Y}  MerckManualofDiagnosisandTherapy,which *  saysa(socalled)diagnosisofschizophreniais   madeonlywhenthebehaviorinquestionis not `  duetoorganicmentaldisorder(p.1532).  1  ` Contrastthiswithastatementbypsychia  tristE.FullerTorrey,M.D.,inhisbookSurviv g ingSchizophrenia:AFamilyManual,publishedin 8 1988.Hesays Schizophreniaisabraindisease,  nowdefinitelyknowntobesuch(Harper& n Row,p.5).Ofcourse,ifschizophreniaisabrain ? disease,thenitisorganic.However,theofficial  definitionofschizophreniacurrentlymaintained u andpublishedbytheAmericanPsychiatricAsso "F ciationinitsDiagnosticandStatisticalManualof  MentalDisordersspecificallyexcludesorganically |  causedconditionsfromthedefinitionofschizo )M! phrenia.InSurvivingSchizophrenia,Dr.Torrey " acknowledges theprevailingpsychoanalyticand # familyinteractiontheoriesofschizophreniawhich 0T$ wereprevalentinAmericanpsychiatry(p.149) % whichwouldseemtoaccountforthis. &  ` IntheNovember10,1988issueofNa 7[' ture,geneticresearcherEricS.LanderofHarvard ( Universityand_M.I.T._Ԁsummarizedthesituation ) thisway: ThelateUSSupremeCourtJustice >b* PotterStewartdeclaredinacelebratedobscenity + casethat,althoughhecouldnotrigorouslydefine  , pornography,`IknowitwhenIseeit'.Psychia E!i- tristsareinmuchthesamepositionconcerningthe !. diagnosisofschizophrenia.Some80yearsafter "/ thetermwascoinedtodescribeadevastating L#p 0 conditioninvolvingamentalsplitamongthe #!1 functionsofthought,emotionand_behaviour_, $!2 thereremainsnouniversallyaccepteddefinitionof S%w"3 schizophrenia(p.105).   ` AccordingtoDr.Torreyinhisbook  SurvivingSchizophrenia,socalledschizophrenia 6Z includesseveralwidelydivergentpersonality  types.Includedamongthemareparanoidschizo  phrenics,whohave delusionsand/orhallucina =a tionsthatareeither _persecutory_or grandi  ose;hebephrenicschizophrenics,inwhom well  developeddelusionsareusuallyabsent;catatonic Dh schizophrenicswhotendtobecharacterizedby    posturing,rigidity,stupor,andoften_mutism_    or,inotherwords,sittingaroundinamotionless, K o  _nonreactive_Ԁstate(incontrasttoparanoidschizo    phrenicswhotendtobesuspiciousandjumpy);    andsimpleschizophrenics,whoexhibita lossof R v  interestandinitiativelikethecatatonicschizo  #  phrenics(thoughnotassevere)andunlikethe   paranoidschizophrenicshavean absenceof Y}  delusionsorhallucinations(p.77).The1968 *  editionoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation's   DiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMental `  Disorders,DSMII,indicatesapersonwhoisvery  1 happy(experiences pronouncedelation)maybe  definedasschizophrenicforthisreason( Schizo g phrenia,_schizo_Ԅaffectivetype,excited)orvery 8 unhappy( Schizophrenia,_schizo_Ԅaffectivetype,  depressed)(p.35),andthe1987edition,DSM n IIIR,indicatesapersoncanbe diagnosedas ? schizophrenicbecausehedisplaysneitherhappi  nessnorsadness( nosignsofaffectiveexpres u sion)(p.189),whichDr.Torreyinhisbookcalls "F simpleschizophrenia( bluntingofemotions)(p.  77).AccordingtopsychiatryprofessorJonas |  _Robitscher_,J.D.,M.D.,inhisbookThePowers )M! ofPsychiatry,peoplewhocyclebackandforth " betweenhappinessandsadness,thesocalled # manicdepressivesorsuffersof bipolarmood 0T$ disorder,mayalsobecalledschizophrenic: %  Manycasesthatarediagnosedasschizophrenia & intheUnitedStateswouldbediagnosedasmanic 7[' depressiveillnessinEnglandorWesternEurope ( (HoughtonMifflin,1980,p.165.)Sothesup ) posed symptomsordefiningcharacteristicsof >b*  schizophreniaarebroadindeed,definingpeople + ashavingsomekindofschizophreniabecausethey  , havedelusionsordonot,hallucinateordonot, E!i- arejumpyorcatatonic,arehappy,sad,orneither !. happynorsad,orcyclingbackandforthbetween "/ happinessandsadness.Sincenophysicalcauses L#p 0 of schizophreniahavebeenfound,aswe'llsoon #!1 see,this diseasecanbedefinedonlyintermsof $!2 its symptoms,whichasyoucanseearewhat S%w"3 mightbecalledubiquitous.AsattorneyBruce  _Ennis_ԀsaysinhisbookPrisonersofPsychiatry:   schizophreniaissuchanallinclusivetermand 6Z coverssuchalargerangeofbehaviorthatthere  arefewpeoplewhocouldnot,atonetimeor  another,beconsideredschizophrenic(Harcourt =a BraceJovanovich,Inc.,1972,p.22).People  whoareobsessedwithcertainthoughtsorwho  feelcompelledtoperformcertainbehaviors,such Dh aswashingtheirhandsrepeatedly,areusually   consideredtobesufferingfromaseparatepsychi    atricdiseasecalled obsessivecompulsivedisor K o  der.However,peoplewithobsessivethoughts    orcompulsivebehaviorshavealsobeencalled    schizophrenic(e.g.,byDr.Torreyinhisbook R v  SurvivingSchizophrenia,pp.115116).  #   ` InSurvivingSchizophrenia,Dr.Torrey   quitecandidlyconcedestheimpossibilityofdefin Y}  ingwhat schizophreniais.Hesays: The *  definitionsofmostdiseasesofmankindhasbeen   accomplished....Inalmostalldiseasesthereis `  somethingwhichcanbeseenormeasured,and  1 thiscanbeusedtodefinethediseaseandseparate  itfrom_nondisease_Ԁstates.Notsowithschizophre g nia!Todatewehavenosinglethingwhichcanbe 8 measuredandfromwhichwecanthensay:Yes,  thatisschizophrenia.Becauseofthis,thedefini n tionofthediseaseisasourceofgreatconfusion ? anddebate(p.73).Whatpuzzlesmeishowto  reconcilethisstatementofDr.Torrey'swith u anotherhemakesinthesamebook,whichI "F quotedaboveandwhichappearsmorefullyas  follows: Schizophreniaisabraindisease,now |  definitelyknowntobesuch.Itisarealscientific )M! andbiologicalentity,asclearlyasdiabetes,multi " plesclerosis,andcancerarescientificandbiologi # calentities(p.5).Howcanitbeknownschizo 0T$ phreniaisabraindiseasewhenwedonotknow % whatschizophreniais? &  ` Thetruthisthatthelabelschizophrenia, 7[' likethelabelspornographyormentalillness, ( indicatesdisapprovalofthattowhichthelabelis ) appliedandnothingmore.Like mentalillness >b* orpornography, schizophreniadoesnotexistin + thesensethatcancerandheartdiseaseexistbut  , existsonlyinthesensethatgoodandbadexist. E!i- Aswithallotherso-calledmentalillnesses,a !. diagnosisof schizophreniaisareflectionofthe "/ speaker'sor diagnostician'svaluesorideas L#p 0 abouthowaperson shouldbe,oftencoupled #!1 withthefalse(oratleastunproven)assumption $!2 thatthedisapprovedthinking,emotions,orbehav S%w"3 iorresultsfromabiologicalabnormality.Consid  eringthemanywaysithasbeenused,it'sclear   schizophreniahasnoparticularmeaningother 6Z than Idon'tlikeit.Becauseofthis,Ilosesome  ofmyrespectformentalhealthprofessionals  whenIhearthemusethewordschizophreniaina =a waythatindicatestheythinkitisarealdisease.I  dothisforthesamereasonIwouldloserespect  forsomeone'sperceptivenessorintellectual Dh integrityafterhearinghimorheradmirethe   emperor'snewclothes.Whilethelaymandefini    tionofschizophrenia,internallyinconsistent,may K o  makesomesense,usingtheterm schizophrenia    inawaythatindicatesthespeakerthinksitisa    realdiseaseistantamounttoadmittinghedoesn't R v  knowwhatheistalkingabout.  #   ` Manymentalhealth professionalsand   other scientificresearchersdohoweverpersist Y}  inbelieving schizophreniaisarealdisease. *  Theyarelikethecrowdsofpeopleobservingthe   emperor'snewclothes,unableorunwillingtosee `  thetruthbecausesomanyothersbeforethem  1 havesaiditisreal.Aglancethroughthearticles  listedunder SchizophreniainIndex_Medicus_,an g indexofmedicalperiodicals,revealshowwide 8 spreadtheschizophreniamythhasbecome.And  becausethese scientistsbelieve schizophrenia n isarealdisease,theytrytofindphysicalcauses ? forit.AspsychiatristWilliamGlasser,M.D.,  saysinhisbookPositiveAddiction,publishedin u 1976: Schizophreniasoundssomuchlikea "F diseasethatprominentscientistsdeludethemselves  intosearchingforitscure(Harper&Row,p. |  18).Thisisasillyendeavor,becausethese )M! supposedlyprominentscientistscan'tdefine "  schizophreniaandaccordinglydon'tknowwhat # theyarelookingfor. 0T$  ` AccordingtothreeStanfordUniversity % psychiatryprofessors, twohypotheseshave & dominatedthesearchforabiologicalsubstrateof 7[' schizophrenia.Theysaythesetwotheoriesare ( the_transmethylation_Ԁhypothesisofschizophrenia ) andthedopaminehypothesisofschizophrenia. >b* (JackD._Barchas_,M.D.,etal., BiogenicAmine + HypothesisofSchizophrenia,appearingin  , Psychopharmacology:FromTheorytoPractice, E!i- OxfordUniversityPress,1977,p.100.)The !. _transmethylation_Ԁhypothesiswasbasedontheidea "/ that schizophreniamightbecausedby aberrant L#p 0 formationofmethylatedaminessimilartothe #!1 hallucinogenicpleasuredrugmescalineinthe $!2 metabolismofsocalledschizophrenics.After S%w"3 reviewingvariousattemptstoverifythistheory,  theyconclude: Morethantwodecadesafterthe  introductionofthe_transmethylation_Ԁhypothesis,no 6Z conclusionscanbedrawnaboutitsrelevancetoor  Аinvolvementinschizophrenia(p.107).   ` ColumbiaUniversitypsychiatryprofessor =a JerroldS._Maxmen_,M.D.,succinctlydescribes  thesecondmajorbiologicaltheoryofsocalled  schizophrenia,thedopaminehypothesis,inhis Dh bookTheNewPsychiatry,publishedin1985: ...   manypsychiatristsbelievethatschizophrenia    involvesexcessiveactivityinthedopaminerecep K o  torsystem...theschizophrenic'ssymptomsresult    partiallyfromreceptorsbeingoverwhelmedby    dopamine(Mentor,pp.142&154).Butinthe R v  articlebythreeStanfordUniversitypsychiatry  #  professorsIreferredtoabovetheysay direct   confirmationthatdopamineisinvolvedinschizo Y}  phreniacontinuestoeludeinvestigators(p.112). *  In1987inhisbookMoleculesoftheMindProfes   sorJonFranklinsays Thedopaminehypothesis, `  inshort,waswrong(p.114).  1  ` Inthatsamebook,ProfessorFranklin  aptlydescribeseffortstofindotherbiological g causesofsocalledschizophrenia: Asalways, 8 schizophreniawastheindexdisease.Duringthe  1940sand1950s,hundredsofscientistsoccupied n themselvesatonetimeandanotherwithtesting ? samplesofschizophrenics'bodilyreactionsand  fluids.Theytestedskinconductivity,cultured u skincells,analyzedblood,saliva,andsweat,and "F staredreflectivelyintotesttubesofschizophrenic  urine.Theresultofallthiswasacontinuing |  seriesofannouncementsthatthisorthatdifference )M! hadbeenfound.Oneearlyresearcher,forin " stance,claimedtohaveisolatedasubstancefrom # theurineofschizophrenicsthatmadespiders 0T$ weavecockeyedwebs.Anothergroupthought % thatthebloodofschizophrenicscontainedafaulty & metaboliteofadrenalinethatcausedhallucinations. 7[' Stillanotherproposedthatthediseasewascaused ( byavitamindeficiency.Suchdevelopmentsmade ) greatnewspaperstories,whichgenerallyhinted, >b* orpredictedoutright,thattheenigmaofschizo + phreniahadfinallybeensolved.Unfortunately,in  , lightofclosescrutinynoneofthediscoveriesheld E!i- water(p.172). !.  ` Othereffortstoproveabiologicalbasis "/ forsocalledschizophreniahaveinvolvedbrain L#p 0 scansofpairsofidenticaltwinswhenonlyoneis #!1 asupposedschizophrenic.Theydoindeedshow $!2 thesocalledschizophrenichasbraindamagehis S%w"3 identicaltwinlacks.Theflawinthesestudiesis  thesocalledschizophrenichasinevitablybeen  givenbraindamagingdrugscalled_neuroleptics_Ԁas 6Z asocalledtreatmentforhissocalledschizophre  nia.Itisthesebraindamagingdrugs,notso  calledschizophrenia,thathavecausedthebrain =a damage.Anyone treatedwiththesedrugswill  havesuchbraindamage.Damagingthebrainsof  peopleeccentric,obnoxious,imaginative,or Dh mentallydisabledenoughtobecalledschizo   phrenicwithdrugs(erroneously)believedtohave    _antischizophrenic_Ԁpropertiesisoneofthesaddest K o  andmostindefensibleconsequencesoftoday's    widespreadbeliefinthemythofschizophrenia.     ` InTheNewHarvardGuidetoPsychiatry, R v  publishedin1988,SeymourS._Kety_,M.D.,  #  ProfessorEmeritusofNeuroscienceinPsychiatry,   andSteven_Matthysse_,Ph.D.,AssociateProfessor Y}  of_Psychobiology_,bothofHarvardMedical *  School,say animpartialreadingoftherecent   literaturedoesnotprovidethehopedforclarifica `  tionofthecatecholaminehypotheses,nordoes  1 compellingevidenceemergeforotherbiological  differencesthatmaycharacterizethebrainsof g patientswithmentaldisease(HarvardUniversity 8 Press,p.148).   ` Beliefinbiologicalcausesofsocalled n mentalillness,includingschizophrenia,comesnot ? fromsciencebutfromwishfulthinkingorfrom  desiretoavoidcomingtotermswiththeexperien u tial/environmentalcausesofpeople'smisbehavior "F ordistress.TheAmericanPsychiatricAssocia  tion'sdefinitionof schizophreniaasnonorganic |  andtherepeatedfailureofeffortstofindbiologi )M! calcausesofsocalledschizophreniasuggest "  schizophreniabelongsonlyinthecategoryof # socially/culturallyunacceptablethinkingorbehav 0T$ iorratherthaninthecategoryofbiologyor %  diseasewheremanypeopleplaceit. & THEAUTHOR,LawrenceStevens,isalawyerwhosepractice ( hasincludedrepresentingpsychiatric patients.Hispamphlets m) arenotcopyrighted.Youareinvitedtomakecopiesforthose * youthinkwillbenefit.Thispamphletandothersbythesame + authorarepublishedontheInternetat4 O  5  www.antipsychiatry.org6iOithat  7asFj  ,, andotherwebsites.   -   @ "SCHIZOPHRENIA Z @"ANonexistentDisease   @00"byLawrenceStevens,J.D. o Theword schizophreniahasascientificsound m thatseemstogiveitinherentcredibilityanda v  charismathatseemstodazzlepeople.Inhisbook #   MoleculesoftheMind"TheBraveNewScienceof  t  MolecularPsychology,UniversityofMaryland } !  journalismprofessorJonFranklincallsschizo *  phreniaanddepression thetwoclassicformsof  {  mentalillness(DellPublishingCo.,1987,p.  (  119).AccordingtothecoverarticleintheJuly6, 1  1992Timemagazine,schizophreniaisthe most   devilishofmentalillnesses(p.53).ThisTime /  magazinearticlesays fullyaquarterofthe 8  nation'shospitalbedsareoccupiedbyschizophre  niapatients(p.55).Booksandarticleslikethese 6 andthefactstowhichtheyrefer(suchasaquarter ? ofhospitalbedsbeingoccupiedbysocalled  schizophrenics)deludemostpeopleintobelieving = therereallyisadiseasecalledschizophrenia. F Schizophreniaisoneofthegreatmythsofour  time. D  ` InhisbookSchizophrenia"TheSacred M SymbolofPsychiatry,psychiatryprofessor  АThomasS.Szasz,M.D.,says Thereis,inshort, K nosuchthingasschizophrenia(SyracuseUniver T sityPress,1988,p.191).IntheEpilogueoftheir   bookSchizophrenia"MedicalDiagnosisorMoral R! Verdict?,TheodoreR._Sarbin_,Ph.D.,apsychol [" ogyprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaat # SantaCruzwhospentthreeyearsworkingin Y$ mentalhospitals,andJamesC.Mancuso,Ph.D., b% apsychologyprofessorattheStateUniversityof & NewYorkatAlbany,say: Wehavecometothe `' endofourjourney.Amongotherthings,wehave i ( triedtoestablishthattheschizophreniamodelof ) unwantedconductlackscredibility.Theanalysis g* directsusineluctablytotheconclusionthatschizo p+ phreniaisamyth(_Pergamon_ԀPress,1980,p.  , 221).InhisbookAgainstTherapy,publishedin  n- 1988,JeffreyMasson,Ph.D.,apsychoanalyst, w! . says Thereisaheightenedawarenessofthe $" / dangersinherentinlabelingsomebodywitha "u!0 diseasecategorylikeschizophrenia,andmany ~#""1 peoplearebeginningtorealizethatthereisno +$"2 suchentity(Atheneum,p.2).Ratherthanbeing $|#3 abona-fidedisease,socalledschizophreniaisa