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e z ,,čL įšž’ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’TŖĘMq\q,,z9qÜ ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’’’ž’’’’’’’Ī’’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’”«ĒLx\x,,č9xįšž’ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’ž’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’vXvXvX vXvXvXüvXövXņvXģvXčvXāvXŽvXŲvXŌvXĪvXŹvXÄvXĄvXŗvX¶vX°vX¬vX¦vX¢vXœvX˜vX’vXŽvXˆvX’’’’~vXzvXtvXpvX–vXvXŠvX„vX~vXxvXrvXlvX vXvXŲ vX¬ vXu vXG vX vXå vX• vX‡ vX, vX vXŻ vXĢ vX“ vXÆ vXX vXāv G+N( (ĶO$——Ō’ŌņņóóŌ’ŌŌ}3(&0”€Pht ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ¤ž!ŻŅĄ°ŅŅĄ°ŅŃĄ°ŃŃĄ°ŃÓ  ÓŌ€.°.XXŌŌ€=ÖŪX..°ŌŌ€EÖŪXX=ÖŪŌŌ€LÖŪXXEÖŪŌŌ€EÖŪXXLÖŪŌÓzÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃŖĄŃŃ‘ĄŃŅóĄŅŅóĄŅŃ  ŃŃTR[,Ų' AXą3Ų' Letter Ų' A’Legal Landscape’3Ų'TŃŃÖd AŲ'hŲ',\,óóŖ‘ÖŃŌ€®%XEÖŪŌŌ€Cć %®ŌÓ:øzÓŌ#__ddŌŌ  ŌŃ8€Ų¢&%dÜdČ8ŃÓ  ÓŲŲmost€funda‚mental€point€to€be€made€about€the€most€freƒŠ  Šquently€used€major€antide‚pres‚sants€is€that€they€have€noŠ ˜˜ Šspe‚cif‚ically€anti‚de‚pressant€effect.€€Like€the€major€tranƒŠ 00 Šquilizers€to€which€they€are€so€closely€related,€they€areŠ ČČ Šhighly€Ō_ŌneurotoxicŌ_Ō€and€brain€disabling,€and€achieve€theirŠ `` Šimpact€through€the€dis‚ruption€of€normal€brain€func‚tion.€Š ųų Š...€Only€the€`clinical€opin‚ion'€of€drug€advo‚catesŠ  Šsupports€any€antide‚pressant€effectšš€of€so„called€antideƒŠ (( Špressant€drugs€ņņ(Springer€Pub.€Co.,€pp.€160€&€184).óó€€An€artiƒŠ ĄĄ Šcle€in€the€February€7,€1994€ņņNewsweekóó€magazine€saysŠ XX  Šthat€š šProzac†...†and€its€chemical€cous‚ins€Ō_ŌZoloftŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌPaxilŌ_ŌŠ šš  Šare€no€more€effective€than€older€treatments€for€depres…Š ˆ ˆ  Šsionšš€ņņ(p.€41)óó.€€Most€of€the€people€I€have€talked€to€whoŠ    Šhave€taken€so„called€antidepres‚sants,€includ‚ing€Prozac,Š ø ø  Šsay€the€drug€didn't€work€for€them.€€This€casts€doubt€onŠ P P Šthe€often€made€claim€that€60%€or€more€of€the€peopleŠ č č Šwho€take€suppos‚edly€antide‚pressant€drugs€benefit€fromŠ € €  Šthem.Š    Šą ` ąLithium€is€said€to€be€helpful€for€people€whoseŠ ° °  Šmood€repeatedly€changes€from€joyful€to€despon‚dentŠ HH  Šand€back€again.€€Psychia‚trists€call€this€manic„depres‚siveŠ ąą  Šdisorder€or€bipolar€mood€disor‚der.€€Lithium€was€firstŠ xx  Šdescribed€as€a€psychiat‚ric€drug€in€1949€by€an€Austra…Š   Šlian€psychi‚atrist,€John€Cade.€€Ac‚cord‚ing€to€a€psychiat…Š ØØ  Šric€textbook:€š šWhile€con‚ducting€animal€experiments,Š @@ ŠCade€had€some‚what€incidentally€noted€that€lithiumŠ ŲŲ Šmade€the€animals€lethargic,€thus€prompt‚ing€him€toŠ pp Šadminister€this€drug€to€several€agitat‚ed€psychiat‚ricŠ  Špatients.šš€€The€textbook€de‚scribes€this€as€š ša€pivotalŠ    Šmo‚ment€in€the€history€of€psycho‚pharma‚cologyšš€ņņ(HaroldŠ 88 ŠI.€Kaplan,€M.D.€&€Benjamin€J.€Ō_ŌSadockŌ_Ō,€M.D.,€ņņClinical€Psychia‚tryóó,Š ŠŠ ŠWilliams€&€Wilkins,€1988,€p.€342).óó€€How‚ever,€if€you€don'tŠ HH Šwant€to€be€lethar‚gic,€taking€lithium€would€seem€to€beŠ ąą  Šof€dubious€benefit.€€A€ņņsupporteróó€of€lithium€as€psychiat…Š xx! Šric€thera‚py€admits€lithium€causes€š ša€mildly€de‚pressed,Š " Šgeneral‚ly€lethar‚gic€feelingšš.€€He€calls€it€š šthe€standardŠ ØØ# Šlethargyšš€caused€by€lithium€ņņ(Roger€Williams,€š šA€HastyŠ @@$ ŠDecision?€Coping€in€the€Aftermath€of€a€Manic„Depres‚sive€Episodešš,Š ŲŲ% ŠņņAmeri‚can€Healthóó€magazine,€October€1991,€p.€20).óó€€Simi‚larly,Š PP& Šone€of€my€rela‚tives€was€diag‚nosed€as€manic„depres‚siveŠ čč' Šand€was€given€a€pre‚scrip‚tion€for€lithium€carbonate.€€HeŠ €€( Štold€me,€years€later,€š šLith‚ium€insulated€me€from€theŠ ) Šhighs€but€not€from€the€lows.šš€€It€should€be€no€surpriseŠ °°* Ša€lethargy„inducing€drug€like€lithium€would€have€thisŠ HH+ Šeffect.€€Amaz‚ing‚ly,€psychi‚atrists€some‚times€claimŠ ąą, Šlithium€wards€off€feelings€of€de‚pres‚sion€even€though,Š xx- Šif€anything,€lethargy„inducing€drugs€like€lithium€(likeŠ . Šmost€psychi‚atric€drugs)€ņņpromoteóó€feelings€of€desponƒŠ ØØ/ Šdency€and€unhappi‚nessš"ševen€if€they€are€calledŠ @@0 Šantidepres‚sants.Š ŲŲ1 Šą ` ąAmong€the€most€widely€used€psychiatricŠ p p2 Šdrugs€are€the€ones€called€ņņminor€tranquilizersóó,€includ‚ingŠ !3 ŠValium,€Ō_ŌLib‚riumŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌXanaxŌ_Ō,€and€Halcion.€€Doctors€whoŠ  ! 4 Šprescribe€them€say€they€have€calming,€anti„anxiety,Š 8"85 Španic„sup‚press‚ing€effects€or€are€use‚ful€as€sleeping€pills.€Š Š"Š6 ŠAnyone€who€believes€these€claims€should€go€to€theŠ h#h 7 Šnearest€library€and€read€the€article€š šHigh€Anxietyšš€inŠ $!8 Šthe€January€1993€ņņCon‚sumer€Reportsóó€magazine,€or€readŠ ˜$˜!9 ŠChap‚ter€11€in€ņņToxic€Psychiatryóó€ņņ(St.€Martin's€Press,€1991)óó,Š 0%0": Šby€psychia‚trist€Peter€Ō_ŌBregginŌ_Ō,€both€of€which€allege€theŠ Č%Č"; Šopposite€is€closer€to€the€truth.€€Like€all€or€almost€allŠ  Špsychiat‚ric€drugs,€the€so„called€minor€tranquil‚izersŠ ˜˜ Šdon't€cure€anything€but€are€merely€brain„disablingŠ 00 Šdrugs.€€In€one€clinical€trial,€70€percent€of€per‚sonsŠ ČČ Štaking€Hal†cion€š šdevel‚oped€memory€loss,€depressionŠ `` Šand€para‚noiašš€ņņ(š šHal‚cion€manufactur‚er€Upjohn€Co.€defendsŠ ųų Šcontroversial€sleeping€drugšš,€ņņMiami€Heraldóó,€De‚cember€17,€1991,€p.Š  Š13A).óó€€Accord‚ing€to€the€February€17,€1992€ņņNews‚weekóó,Š  Šš šFour€countries€have€banned€the€drug€out‚rightšš€ņņ(p.€58).óó€Š    ŠIn€his€book€ņņToxic€Psychia‚tryóó,€psychia‚trist€Peter€Ō_ŌBregƒŠ 88  ŠginŌ_Ō,€speak‚ing€of€the€minor€tranquil‚izers,€says€š šAs€withŠ ŠŠ  Šmost€psychiat‚ric€drugs,€the€use€of€the€medica‚tionŠ h h  Ševentual‚ly€causes€an€increase€of€the€very€symp‚toms€thatŠ    Šthe€drug€is€sup‚posed€to€amelioratešš€ņņ(ibid,€p.€246).óóŠ ˜ ˜  Šą ` ąContrary€to€the€claim€major€and€minorŠ 0 0 Štranquil‚izers€and€so„called€antidepressants€are€use‚ful€asŠ Č Č Šsleeping€pills,€their€real€effect€is€to€inhibit€or€block€ņņrealóóŠ ` `  Šsleep.€€When€I€sat€in€on€a€psychiatry€class€with€aŠ ų ų  Šmedical€student€friend,€the€professor€told€us€š šRe‚searchŠ    Šhas€shown€we€do€not€need€to€sleep,€but€we€do€need€toŠ ((  Šdream.šš€€The€dream€phase€of€sleep€is€the€critical€part.€Š ĄĄ  ŠMost€psychiat‚ric€drugs,€including€those€pro‚moted€asŠ XX  Šsleeping€medica‚tions€or€tran‚quiliz‚ers,€inhibit€this€criticalŠ šš  Šdream„phase€of€sleep,€induc‚ing€a€state€that€looks€likeŠ ˆˆ  Šsleep€but€that€actually€is€a€dreamless€uncon‚scious€state†Š    Šš"š†not€sleep.€€Sleep,€in€other€words,€is€an€importantŠ øø Šmental€activity€that€is€impaired€or€stopped€by€mostŠ PP Špsychi‚atric€drugs.€€A€self„help€magazine€advises:€š šDoŠ čč Šnot€take€sleeping€pills€unless€under€doctor's€orders,€andŠ €€ Šthen€for€no€more€than€10€consecutive€nights.€€BesidesŠ  Šlosing€their€effec‚tive‚ness€and€becoming€addictive,Š °° Šsleep„inducing€medi‚cations€re‚duce€or€prevent€theŠ HH Šdream„stage€of€sleep€necessary€for€mental€healthššŠ ąą  Šņņ(ņņGoing€Bonkers?óó€magazine,€premiere€issue,€p.€75).óó€€Sleep€deƒŠ xx! Šprivation€experi‚ments€on€normal€people€show€loss€ofŠ " Šsleep€causes€hallucinations€if€continued€long€enoughŠ ØØ# Šņņ(Maya€Pines,€ņņThe€Brain€Chang‚ersóó,€Harcourt€Brace€Jovanovich,Š @@$ Š1973,€p.€105).óó€€So€what€would€seem€to€be€one€of€theŠ øø% Šlikely€conse‚quenc‚es€of€taking€drugs€that€inhibit€or€blockŠ PP& Šreal€sleep?Š čč' Šą ` ąEven€as€harmful€as€psychia‚try's€(so„called)Š €€( Šantide‚pres‚sants€and€lithium€and€(so„called)€Ō_Ōantianxi‚etyŌ_ŌŠ ) Šagents€(or€minor€tranquilizers)€are,€they€are€nowhereŠ °°* Šnear€as€damag‚ing€as€the€so„called€major€tranquiliz‚ers,Š HH+ Šsome‚times€also€called€š šŌ_Ōan‚tipsy‚choticŌ_Ōšš€or€š šŌ_ŌantiƒŠ ąą, ŠschizophrenicŌ_Ōšš€or€š šŌ_Ōneurolep‚ticŌ_Ōšš€drugs.€€Included€inŠ xx- Šthis€catego‚ry€are€Ō_ŌThorazineŌ_Ō€(chlor‚prom‚a‚zine),€Ō_ŌMell†arilŌ_Ō,Š . ŠŌ_ŌProlixinŌ_Ō€(Ō_Ōflu‚phen‚azineŌ_Ō),€Ō_ŌCompa‚zineŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌStela‚zineŌ_Ō,€andŠ ØØ/ ŠŌ_ŌHaldolŌ_Ō€(Ō_ŌhaloperidolŌ_Ō)†š"š†and€many€others.€€In€terms€ofŠ @@0 Štheir€psychological€effects,€these€so„called€majorŠ ŲŲ1 Štranquil‚izers€cause€misery†š"š†not€tranquil‚ity.€€TheyŠ p p2 Šphysically,€neurological‚ly€blot€out€most€of€a€person'sŠ !3 Šability€to€think€and€act,€even€at€com‚monly€given€doses.€Š  ! 4 ŠBy€dis‚abling€people,€they€can€stop€almost€any€thinkingŠ 8"85 Šor€behav‚ior€the€š šthera‚pistšš€wants€to€stop.€€But€this€isŠ Š"Š6 Šsimply€dis‚abling€people,€not€therapy.€€The€drugŠ h#h 7 Štemporari‚ly€disables€or€perma‚nently€destroys€goodŠ $!8 Šaspects€of€a€person's€personali‚ty€as€much€as€bad.€Š ˜$˜!9 ŠWheth‚er€and€to€what€extent€the€disabili‚ty€im‚posed€byŠ 0%0": Šthe€drug€can€be€re‚moved€by€discon‚tinu‚ing€the€drugŠ Č%Č"; Šdepends€on€how€long€the€drug€is€given€and€at€howŠ  Šgreat€a€dose.€€The€so„called€major€tranquiliz‚er/†Ō_ŌantipsyƒŠ ˜˜ ŠchoticŌ_Ō/†Ō_Ōneuro‚lepticŌ_Ō€drugs€damage€the€brain€more€clearly,Š 00 Šseverely,€and€perma‚nently€than€any€others€used€inŠ ČČ Špsychia‚try.€€Joyce€G.€Small,€M.D.,€and€Ō_ŌIverŌ_Ō€F.€Small,Š `` ŠM.D.,€both€Profes‚sors€of€Psy‚chi‚atry€at€Indiana€UniverƒŠ ųų Šsity,€criticize€psychia‚trists€who€use€š špsycho‚active€mediƒŠ  Šcations€that€are€known€to€have€Ō_ŌneurotoxicŌ_Ō€effectsšš,€andŠ (( Šspeak€of€š šthe€increas‚ing€recogni‚tion€of€long„lasting€andŠ ĄĄ Šsome‚times€irrevers‚ible€impairments€in€brain€func‚tionŠ XX  Šinduced€by€Ō_ŌneurolepticŌ_Ō€drugs.€€In€this€instance€theŠ šš  Ševidence€of€brain€damage€is€not€subtle,€but€is€grosslyŠ ˆ ˆ  Šobvious€even€to€the€casual€observer!šš€ņņ(ņņBehavioral€andŠ    ŠBrain€Sciencesóó,€March€1984,€Vol.€7,€p.€34).óó€€Accord‚ing€toŠ ø ø  ŠConrad€M.€Ō_ŌSwartzŌ_Ō,€Ph.D.,€M.D.,€Professor€of€PsychiƒŠ P P Ša‚try€at€Chi‚cago€Medical€School,€š šWhile€Ō_ŌneurolepticsŌ_ŌŠ č č Šrelieve€psychotic€anxiety,€their€tranquili‚zation€bluntsŠ € €  Šfine€details€of€personal‚i‚ty,€including€initia‚tive,€emoƒŠ    Štional€reactivity,€enthusi‚asm,€sexiness,€alertness,€andŠ ° °  Šin‚sight.€€...€This€is€in€addi‚tion€to€side€effects,€usuallyŠ HH  Šinvolun‚tary€move‚ments€which€can€be€perma‚nent€andŠ ąą  Šare€hence€evi‚dence€of€brain€damagešš€ņņ(ņņBehavioral€and€BrainŠ xx  ŠSciencesóó,€March€1984,€Vol.€7,€pp.€37„38).óó€€A€report€in€1985€inŠ   Šthe€ņņMental€and€Physi‚cal€Disabil‚ity€Law€Report‚eróó€indiƒŠ ØØ  Šcates€courts€in€the€United€States€have€finally€begun€toŠ @@ Šconsider€invol‚untary€adminis‚tration€of€the€so„calledŠ ŲŲ Šmajor€tranquil‚iz‚er/†Ō_Ōanti‚psy‚choticŌ_Ō/†Ō_Ōneurolep‚ticŌ_Ō€drugs€toŠ pp Šinvolve€First€Amend‚ment€rights€š šBe‚cause†...†Ō_ŌantipsychoƒŠ  ŠticŌ_Ō€drugs€have€the€capacity€to€severe‚ly€and€ņņeven€permaƒŠ    Šnentlyóó€affect€an€individ‚ual's€ability€to€think€and€comƒŠ 88 Šmunicatešš€ņņ(š šInvol‚un‚tary€medication€claims€go€forwardšš,€January„Š ŠŠ ŠFebruary€1985,€p.€26„emphasis€added).óó€€In€ņņMolecules€of€theŠ hh ŠMind:€The€Brave€New€Science€of€Molecular€PsycholƒŠ   Šogyóó,€Professor€Jon€Frank‚lin€observed:€š šThis€eraŠ ˜˜! Šcoincid‚ed€with€an€increas‚ing€awareness€that€the€Ō_ŌneuroƒŠ 00" ŠlepticsŌ_Ō€not€only€did€not€cure€schizo‚phre‚niaš"štheyŠ ČČ# Šactually€caused€damage€to€the€brain.€€Suddenly,€theŠ ``$ Špsychia‚trists€who€used€them,€already€like€their€patientsŠ ųų% Šon€the€frin‚ges€of€society,€were€suspected€of€Nazism€andŠ & Šworsešš€ņņ(Dell€Pub.€Co.,€1987,€p.€103)óó.€€In€his€book€ņņPsychiƒŠ ((' Šatric€Drugs:€Hazards€to€the€Brainóó,€psychia‚trist€PeterŠ ĄĄ( ŠŌ_ŌBregginŌ_Ō,€M.D.,€alleges€that€by€using€drugs€that€causeŠ XX) Šbrain€damage,€š šPsychiatry€has€un‚leash‚ed€an€epidem‚icŠ šš* Šof€neuro‚logical€disease€on€the€worldšš€one€whichŠ ˆˆ+ Šš šreach‚es€1€million€to€2€million€persons€a€yearšš€ņņ(op.€cit.,Š   , Špp.€109€&€108).óó€€In€severe€cases,€brain€damage€fromŠ øø- ŠŌ_Ōneurolep†ticŌ_Ō€drugs€is€evi‚denced€by€abnormal€bodyŠ PP. Šmove‚ments€called€tardive€dyskine‚sia.€€Howev‚er,Š čč/ Štardive€dyski‚ne‚sia€is€only€the€tip€of€the€iceberg€ofŠ €€0 ŠŌ_Ōneurolep‚ticŌ_Ō€caused€brain€dam‚age.€€Higher€mentalŠ  1 Šfunctions€are€more€vul‚nera‚ble€and€are€im‚paired€beforeŠ ° °2 Šthe€elementary€functions€€of€the€brain€such€as€motorŠ H!H3 Šcontrol.€€Psychia‚try€profes‚sor€Rich‚ard€Abrams,€M.D.,Š ą!ą4 Šhas€acknowl‚edged€that€š šTardive€dyski‚nesia€has€nowŠ x"x5 Šbeen€reported€to€occur€after€only€brief€courses€ofŠ # 6 ŠŌ_Ōneuro‚lep‚ticŌ_Ō€drug€therapyšš€ņņ(in:€Benjamin€B.€Ō_ŌWolmanŌ_Ō€(editor),Š Ø#Ø 7 ŠņņThe€Thera‚pist's€Hand‚book:€Treatment€Methods€of€Mental€Disordersóó,Š @$@!8 ŠVan€Ō_ŌNostrandŌ_Ō€Reinhold€Co.,€1976,€p.€25).óó€€In€his€book€ņņTheŠ ø$ø!9 ŠNew€Psychi‚a‚tryóó,€pub‚lished€in€1985,€Co‚lumbia€UniverƒŠ P%P": Šsity€psy‚chiatry€professor€Jerrold€S.€Ō_ŌMaxmenŌ_Ō,€M.D.,Š  Šalleges:€š šThe€best€way€to€avoid€tardive€dyskinesia€is€toŠ ˜˜ Šavoid€Ō_ŌantipsychoticŌ_Ō€drugs€altogeth‚er.€€Except€forŠ 00 Štreating€schizo‚phre‚nia,€they€should€never€be€used€forŠ ČČ Šmore€than€two€or€three€consecu‚tive€months.€€What'sŠ `` Šcriminal€is€that€all€too€many€patients€receive€Ō_Ōanti‚psyƒŠ ųų Šcho‚ticsŌ_Ō€who€shouldn'tšš€ņņ(Mentor,€pp.€155„156).óó€€In€fact,€Dr.Š  ŠŌ_ŌMax‚menŌ_Ō€doesn't€go€far€enough.€€His€charac‚ter‚izationŠ (( Šof€administra‚tion€of€the€so„called€Ō_Ōantipsy‚chot‚icŌ_Ō/†Ō_ŌantiƒŠ ĄĄ ŠschizophrenicŌ_Ō/†major€tranquilizer/†Ō_Ōneurolep‚ticŌ_Ō€drugs€asŠ XX  Šš šcrimi‚nalšš€is€accu‚rate€for€ņņallóó€people,€includ‚ing€thoseŠ šš  Šcalled€schizo‚phrenic,€even€when€the€drugs€aren't€givenŠ ˆ ˆ  Šlong€enough€for€the€resulting€brain€damage€to€show€upŠ    Šas€tardive€dyskine‚sia.€€The€author€of€the€Preface€of€aŠ ø ø  Šbook€by€four€physi‚cians€published€in€1980,€ņņTardiveŠ P P ŠDyskinesia:€Research€&€Treat‚mentóó,€made€these€reƒŠ č č Šmarks:€š šIn€the€late€1960s€I€summa‚rized€the€literatureŠ € €  Šon€tardive€dyskinesia€...€The€majority€of€psychia‚tristsŠ    Šeither€ignored€the€exis‚tence€of€the€problem€or€madeŠ ° °  Šfutile€efforts€to€prove€that€these€motor€abnormalitiesŠ HH  Šwere€clinically€insig‚nifi‚cant€or€unrelat‚ed€to€drug€theraƒŠ ąą  Špy.€€In€the€mean‚time€the€number€of€pa‚tients€affected€byŠ xx  Štardive€dys‚kinesia€increased€and€the€symp‚toms€becameŠ   Šworse€in€those€al‚ready€afflicted€by€this€condi‚tion.€...Š ØØ  Šthere€are€few€investi‚gators€or€clinicians€who€still€haveŠ @@ Šdoubts€about€the€iatrogenic€[physician€caused]€nature€ofŠ ŲŲ Štardive€dyskine†sia.€...It€is€evident€that€the€more€oneŠ pp Šlearns€about€the€toxic€effects€of€Ō_Ōneur‚olepticsŌ_Ō€on€theŠ  Šcentral€nervous€system,€the€more€one€sees€an€urgentŠ    Šneed€to€modify€our€cur‚rent€practices€of€drug€use.€€It€isŠ 88 Šunfortu‚nate€that€many€practi‚tio‚ners€contin‚ue€to€pre…Š ŠŠ Šscribe€Ō_Ōpsycho‚tropicsŌ_Ō€in€excessive€amounts,€and€that€aŠ hh Šconsid‚erable€number€of€mental€institutions€have€not€yetŠ   Šdeveloped€a€policy€regard‚ing€the€man‚agement€andŠ ˜˜! Šprevention€of€tardive€dyskine‚sia.€€If€this€book,€whichŠ 00" Šre‚flects€the€opin‚ions€of€the€ex‚perts€in€this€field,€canŠ ČČ# Šmake€a€dent€in€the€compla‚cency€of€many€psychiatrists,Š ``$ Šit€will€be€no€small€accomplish‚mentšš€ņņ(in:€William€E.€Ō_ŌFannŌ_Ō,Š ųų% ŠM.D.,€et€al.,€ņņTardive€Dyski‚ne‚sia:€Research€&€Treatmentóó,€SP€MediƒŠ & Šcal€&€Scientif‚ic).óó€€In€ņņPsychi‚atric€Drugs:€Hazards€to€theŠ ' ŠBrainóó,€psychia‚trist€Peter€Ō_ŌBreg‚ginŌ_Ō,€M.D.,€says€this:Š   ( Šš šThe€major€tranquilizers€are€highly€toxic€drugs;€theyŠ 88) Šare€poison‚ous€to€various€organs€of€the€body.€€They€areŠ ŠŠ* Šespecially€potent€Ō_Ōneur‚otox‚insŌ_Ō,€and€fre‚quently€produceŠ hh+ Šperma‚nent€damage€to€the€brain.€...†tardive€dyskinesiaŠ , Šcan€devel‚op€in€low„dose,€short„term€us‚age...€theŠ ˜˜- Šdemen‚tia€[loss€of€higher€mental€func‚tions]€associ‚atedŠ 00. Šwith€the€tardive€dyskine†sia€is€not€usually€revers‚ible.€...Š ČČ/ ŠSeldom€have€I€felt€more€saddened€or€more€dis‚mayedŠ ``0 Šthan€by€psy‚chiatry's€neglect€of€the€evi‚dence€that€it€isŠ ųų1 Šcausing€irre‚versible€lobotomy€effects,€psy‚chosis,€andŠ  2 Šdemen‚tia€in€millions€of€patients€as€a€result€of€treat‚mentŠ (!(3 Šwith€the€major€tran‚quiliz‚ersššņņ(op.€cit.,€pp.€70,€107,€135,€146).óóŠ Ą!Ą4 Šą ` ąPsychiatry€pro‚fessor€Richard€Abrams,€M.D.,Š X"X5 Šhas€pointed€out€that€š šŌ_ŌTricyclicŌ_Ō€Antide‚pres‚sants†...†areŠ š"š6 Šminor€chemical€modifica‚tions€of€chlor‚promazineŠ ˆ#ˆ 7 Š[Ō_ŌThora†zineŌ_Ō]€and€were€introduced€as€poten‚tial€Ō_ŌneuroƒŠ  $ !8 ŠlepticsŌ_Ōšš€ņņ(in:€B.€Ō_ŌWolmanŌ_Ō,€ņņThe€Thera‚pist's€Handbookóó,€op.€cit.,€p.Š ø$ø!9 Š31).óó€€In€his€book€ņņPsychiatric€Drugs:€Hazards€to€theŠ P%P": ŠBrainóó,€Dr.€Ō_ŌBreg‚ginŌ_Ō€calls€the€so„called€antide‚pres‚santsŠ  Šš šMajor€Tranquilizers€in€Dis‚guisešš€ņņ(p.€166).óó€€Psychia‚tristŠ ˜˜ ŠMark€S.€Gold,€M.D.,€has€said€antide‚pressants€canŠ 00 Šcause€tardive€dyskinesia€ņņ(ņņThe€Good€News€About€Depressionóó,Š ČČ ŠBantam,€1986,€p.€259).óóŠ `` Šą ` ąWhy€do€the€so„called€patients€accept€suchŠ ŲŲ Šš šmedi‚ca‚tionšš?€€Some‚times€they€do€so€out€of€igno‚ranceŠ pp Šabout€the€neurological€damage€to€which€they€are€subƒŠ  Šjecting€them‚selves€by€following€their€psychi‚a‚trist'sŠ    Šadvice€to€take€the€š šmedica‚tionšš.€€But€much€if€not€mostŠ 88  Šof€the€time,€Ō_Ōneuro‚lep‚ticŌ_Ō€drugs€are€literally€ņņforcedóó€intoŠ ŠŠ  Šthe€bodies€of€the€š špa‚tientsšš€against€their€wills.€€In€hisŠ h h  Šbook€ņņPsychiatric€Drugs:€Hazards€to€the€Brainóó,Š    Špsychia‚trist€Peter€Ō_ŌBregginŌ_Ō,€M.D.,€says€š šTime€andŠ ˜ ˜  Šagain€in€my€clinical€experi‚ence€I€have€witnessedŠ 0 0 Špatients€driven€to€extreme€an‚guish€and€outrage€byŠ Č Č Šhaving€major€tranquil‚izers€forced€on€them.€...€TheŠ ` `  Šproblem€is€so€great€in€routine€hospital€prac‚tice€that€aŠ ų ų  Šlarge€percentage€of€patients€have€to€be€threat‚ened€withŠ    Šforced€intramus‚cular€injec‚tion€before€they€will€take€theŠ ((  Šdrugsšš€ņņ(p.€45).óó€€Not€only€is€this€a€kind€of€tyranny,€butŠ ĄĄ  Šthe€forced€administra‚tion€of€a€psychiat‚ric€drug€can€beŠ XX  Šcom‚pared,€physically€and€morally,€with€rape.€€ComƒŠ šš  Špare€sexual€rape€and€involuntarily€admin‚istration€of€aŠ ˆˆ  Špsychiatric€drug€injected€intra‚mus‚cularly€into€theŠ    Šbuttocks,€which€is€the€part€of€the€anatomy€where€theŠ øø Šinjection€usually€is€given:€In€both€sexual€rape€andŠ PP Šinvoluntary€adminis‚tration€of€a€psychi‚atric€drug,€forceŠ čč Šis€used.€€In€both€cases,€the€vic‚tim's€pants€are€pulledŠ €€ Šdown.€€In€both€cases,€a€tube€is€inserted€into€the€vic‚tim'sŠ  Šbody€against€her€(or€his)€will.€€In€the€case€of€sexualŠ °° Šrape,€the€tube€is€a€penis.€€In€the€case€of€what€could€beŠ HH Šcalled€psychi‚atric€rape,€the€tube€is€a€hypodermicŠ ąą  Šneedle.€€In€both€cases,€a€fluid€is€injected€into€theŠ xx! Švictim's€body€against€her€or€his€will.€€In€both€cases€itŠ " Šis€in€(or€near)€the€Ō_ŌderrireŌ_Ō.€€In€the€case€of€sexual€rapeŠ ØØ# Šthe€fluid€is€semen.€€In€the€case€of€psychiat‚ric€rape,€theŠ @@$ Šfluid€is€Ō_ŌThorazineŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌProlixinŌ_Ō€or€some€other€brain„disƒŠ ŲŲ% Šabling€drug.€€The€fact€of€bodily€invasion€is€simi‚lar€inŠ pp& Šboth€cases€if€not€(for€reasons€I'll€explain)€actuallyŠ ' Šworse€in€the€case€of€psychiatric€rape.€€So€is€the€sense€ofŠ   ( Šout‚rage€in€the€mind€of€the€victim€of€each€type€ofŠ 88) Šassault.€€(Vic‚tims€of€electroshock€or€ECT€which€wasŠ ŠŠ* Šforced€on€them€typically€feel€the€same€way.)€€AsŠ hh+ Špsychiatry€profes‚sor€Thomas€Ō_ŌSzaszŌ_Ō€once€said,€š švio…Š , Šlence€is€vio‚lence,€regardless€of€whether€it€is€calledŠ ˜˜- Špsychiatric€illness€or€psychiatric€treat‚ment.šš€€SomeŠ 00. Šwho€are€not€š šhospi‚talizedšš€(that€is,€impris‚oned)€areŠ ČČ/ Šforced€to€report€to€a€doctor's€office€for€injections€of€aŠ ``0 Šlong„acting€Ō_Ōneuro‚lepticŌ_Ō€like€Ō_ŌProlixinŌ_Ō€every€two€weeksŠ ųų1 Šby€the€threat€of€im‚prison‚ment€(š šhos‚pitalizationšš)€andŠ  2 Šforced€injection€of€the€drug€if€they€don't€com‚ply.Š (!(3 Šą ` ąWhy€is€psychiatric€rape€worse€than€sexualŠ Ą!Ą4 Šrape?€€As€brain€surgeon€I.S.€Cooper,€M.D.,€said€inŠ X"X5 Šhis€autobiog‚raphy:€š šIt€is€your€brain€that€sees,€feels,Š š"š6 Šthinks,€com‚mands,€responds.€€ņņYou€are€your€brain.€€ItŠ ˆ#ˆ 7 Šis€you.óó€€Trans‚planted€into€another€carri‚er,€anotherŠ  $ !8 Šbody,€your€brain€would€supply€it€with€your€memo‚ries,Š ø$ø!9 Šyour€thoughts,€your€emo‚tions.€€It€would€still€be€you.€Š P%P": ŠThe€new€body€would€be€your€con‚tainer.€€It€wouldŠ  Šcarry€you€around.€€ņņYour€brain€is€youšš€ņņ(The€Vital€Probe:Š ˜˜ ŠMy€Life€as€a€Brain€Surgeon,óó€Ō_ŌW.W.†NortonŌ_Ō€&€Co.,€1982,€p.€50„Š 00 Šemphasis€in€original).óó€€ņņThe€most€essential€and€most€intimateŠ ØØ Špart€of€you€is€not€what€is€be‚tween€your€legs€but€what€isŠ @@ Šbetween€your€earsóó.€€An€assault€on€a€person's€brain€suchŠ ŲŲ Šas€involun‚tary€admin‚istra‚tion€of€a€brain„disabling€orŠ pp Šbrain„dam‚aging€š štreat‚mentšš€(such€as€a€psychoactiveŠ  Šdrug€or€electro‚shock€or€Ō_Ōpsycho‚surgeryŌ_Ō)€is€a€moreŠ    Šintimate€and€morally€speak‚ing€more€horrible€crime€thanŠ 88  Šsexual€rape.€€Psychiat‚ric€rape€is€in€moral€terms€a€worseŠ ŠŠ  Šcrime€than€sexual€rape€for€another€reason,€also:€TheŠ h h  Šinvolun‚tary€adminis‚tra‚tion€of€psychia‚try's€biologi‚calŠ    Šš štherapiesšš€cause€ņņpermanentóó€impair‚ment€of€brainŠ ˜ ˜  Šfunction.€€In€contrast,€women€usually€are€still€fullyŠ 0 0 Šsexually€function‚al€after€being€sexually€raped.€€TheyŠ Č Č Šsuffer€psycho‚logical€harm,€but€so€do€the€victims€ofŠ ` `  Špsychi‚atric€assault.€€I€hope€I€will€not€be€understood€asŠ ų ų  Šbelittling€the€trauma€or€wrong‚ness€of€sexu‚al€rape€if€IŠ    Špoint€out€that€I€have€Ō_Ōcoun‚selledŌ_Ō€sexually€raped€womenŠ ((  Šin€my€law€practice€and€that€each€of€the€half„dozen€or€soŠ ĄĄ  Šwomen€I€have€known€who€have€been€sexually€rapedŠ XX  Šhave€gone€on€to€have€apparently€normal€sexualŠ šš  Šrelation‚ships,€and€in€most€cases€marriages€and€families.€Š ˆˆ  ŠIn€con‚trast,€the€brains€of€people€subjected€to€psychiatricŠ    Šassault€often€are€not€as€fully€function‚al€because€of€theŠ øø Šņņphysi‚cal,€biologi‚calóó€harm€done€by€the€š štreat‚mentšš.€€OnŠ PP Ša€TV€talk€show€in€1990,€psychoanalyst€Jeffrey€Masson,Š čč ŠPh.D.,€said€he€hopes€those€responsible€for€such€š štheraƒŠ €€ Špiesšš€will€one€day€face€š šŌ_ŌNrnburgŌ_Ō€trialsšš€ņņņņ(Geraldo,óó€Nov.Š  Š30,€1990).óóŠ °° Šą ` ąThese€very€same€brain„damaging€(so„called)Š (( Štranquilizer/†Ō_Ōneuro‚lep‚ticŌ_Ō/†Ō_Ōanti‚psy‚cho‚ticŌ_Ō€drugs€are€rou…Š ĄĄ  Štinely€ad‚minis‚tered†š"š†involun‚tarilyš"š†to€mentally€healthyŠ XX! Šold€people€in€nursing€homes€in€the€United€States.€Š šš" ŠAccording€to€journalist€Maya€Pines€in€her€book€ņņTheŠ ˆˆ# ŠBrain€Changersóó:€š šThis€kind€of€abuse€is€well€known€inŠ   $ Šmental€hospitals€and€nursing€homes€where€nurses€giveŠ øø% Štheir€charges€large€doses€of€tranquilizers€to€keep€themŠ PP& Šquiet€and€easy€to€handle†...†mostly€for€the€convenienceŠ čč' Šof€the€staffšš€ņņ(Ō_Ōop.citŌ_Ō.,€pp.111„112€&€213óó).€€I€know€of€twoŠ €€( Šexam‚ples€of€feeble€old€men€in€nursing€homes€who€wereŠ ) Šbarely€able€to€get€out€of€their€wheel‚chairs€who€were€notŠ °°* Šconsid‚ered€to€have€psychi‚atric€prob‚lems€who€wereŠ HH+ Šgiven€a€so„called€tranquilizer/†Ō_Ōneuro‚lep‚ticŌ_Ō/†Ō_Ōanti‚psychoticŌ_ŌŠ ąą, Šdrug.€€One€com‚plained€because€he€was€strapped€into€aŠ xx- Šwheel‚chair€to€prevent€his€attempts€to€try€to€walk€withŠ . Šhis€cane.€€The€other€was€strapped€into€his€bed€at€nightŠ ØØ/ Što€prevent€him€from€getting€up€and€falling€when€goingŠ @@0 Što€the€bathroom,€necessi‚tat‚ing€defecating€in€his€bed.€Š ŲŲ1 ŠBoth€were€so€physical‚ly€disabled€they€posed€no€dangerŠ p p2 Što€anyone.€€But€both€dared€com‚plain€bitterly€about€howŠ !3 Šthey€were€mis‚treat‚ed.€€In€both€cases€the€nursing€homeŠ  ! 4 Šstaffs€responded€to€these€complaints€with€injections€ofŠ 8"85 ŠŌ_ŌHaldolŌ_Ō.Š Š"Š6 Šą ` ąStudies€indicating€psychi‚atric€drugs€are€helpfulŠ h#h 7 Šare€of€dubious€credibility€because€of€profes‚sional€bias.€Š $!8 ŠAll€or€almost€all€psychiatric€drugs€are€Ō_Ōneuro‚toxicŌ_Ō€andŠ ˜$˜!9 Šfor€this€reason€cause€symp‚toms€and€prob‚lems€such€asŠ 0%0": Šdry€mouth,€blurred€vision,€light‚headed‚ness,€dizzi‚ness,Š Č%Č"; Šlethargy,€difficulty€think‚ing,€men‚strual€irregularities,Š  Šurinary€reten‚tion,€heart€palpi‚tations,€and€other€conseƒŠ ˜˜ Šquences€of€neuro‚logi‚cal€dysfunction.€€Psychia‚tristsŠ 00 Šdeceptively€call€these€š šside„effectsšš,€even€though€theyŠ ČČ Šare€the€only€real€effects€of€today's€psychiatric€drugs.€Š `` ŠPlacebos€(or€sugar€pills)€don't€cause€these€problems.€Š ųų ŠSince€these€symptoms€(or€their€absence)€are€obvious€toŠ  Špsychia‚trists€evaluating€psychiatric€drugs€in€supposedlyŠ (( Šdouble„blind€drug€trials,€the€drug€trials€aren't€reallyŠ ĄĄ Šdou‚ble„blind,€making€it€impos‚sible€to€evaluate€psychiatƒŠ XX  Šric€drugs€impar‚tially.€€This€allows€pro‚fes‚sional€bias€toŠ šš  Šskew€the€re‚sults.Š ˆ ˆ  Šą ` ąDespite€various€unverified€theories€and€claims,Š    Špsychia‚trists€don't€know€how€the€drugs€they€use€workŠ ø ø  Šbiologi‚cally.€€In€the€words€of€Columbia€UniversityŠ P P Špsychiatry€profes‚sor€Jerrold€S.€Ō_ŌMaxmenŌ_Ō,€M.D.:€š šHowŠ č č ŠŌ_Ōpsy‚chotropicŌ_Ō€drugs€work€is€not€clearšš€ņņ(ņņThe€New€Psychia…Š € €  Štryóó,€Mentor,€1985,€p.€143).óó€€Experience€has€shown€that€theŠ    Šeffect€of€all€of€today's€common‚ly€used€psychi‚atricŠ ° °  Šdrugs€is€to€disable€the€brain€in€a€ņņgeneral‚izedóó€way.€Š HH  ŠNone€of€to‚day's€psychi‚at‚ric€drugs€have€the€specificityŠ ąą  Š(e.g.,€for€depres‚sion€or€anxiety€or€psycho‚sis)€that€isŠ xx  Šoften€claimed€for€them.Š   Šą ` ąIt€is€often€asserted€that€taking€a€psychiatricŠ ØØ  Šdrug€is€like€taking€insulin€for€diabe‚tes.€€AlthoughŠ @@ Špsychi‚atric€drugs€are€taken€continuously,€as€is€insu…Š ŲŲ Šlinš"šit's€an€absurd€analogy.€€Diabetes€is€a€disease€withŠ pp Ša€known€physical€cause.€€No€physi‚cal€cause€has€beenŠ  Šfound€for€any€of€today's€so„called€mental€illnesses.€Š    ŠThe€mode€of€action€of€insulin€is€known:€It€is€a€hor…Š 88 Šmone€that€instructs€or€causes€cells€to€uptake€dietaryŠ ŠŠ Šglucose€(sugar).€€In€contrast,€the€modes€of€action€ofŠ hh Špsychi‚atry's€drugs€are€un‚knownš"š†al‚though€advo‚catesŠ   Šof€psychiatric€drugs€as€well€as€critics€theorize€theyŠ ˜˜! Šprevent€normal€brain€func‚tion‚ing€by€blocking€Ō_ŌneuroƒŠ 00" ŠreceptorsŌ_Ō€in€the€brain.€€If€this€theory€is€correct€it€isŠ ČČ# Šanother€contrast€be‚tween€taking€insulin€and€tak‚ing€aŠ ``$ Špsychiatric€drug:€Insulin€restores€a€normal€biologi‚calŠ ųų% Šfunction,€namely,€normal€glucose€(or€sugar)€metaboƒŠ & Šlism.€€Psychi‚atric€drugs€ņņinterfereóó€with€a€normal€biologi…Š ((' Šcal€function,€namely,€normal€Ō_Ōneuro‚receptorŌ_Ō€function…Š ĄĄ( Šing.€€Insulin€is€a€hor‚mone€that€is€found€naturally€in€theŠ XX) Šbody.€€Psychiatry's€drugs€are€not€normally€found€in€theŠ šš* Šbody.€€Insulin€gives€a€dia‚betic's€body€a€capability€itŠ ˆˆ+ Šwould€not€have€in€the€absence€of€insulin,€namely,€theŠ   , Šability€to€metabolize€dietary€sugar€normal‚ly.€€Psychiat…Š øø- Šric€drugs€have€an€opposite€kind€of€effect:€They€takeŠ PP. Šaway€(mental)€capabilities€the€person€would€have€in€theŠ čč/ Šabsence€of€the€drug.€€Insulin€affects€the€body€ratherŠ €€0 Šthan€mind.€€Psychiat‚ric€drugs€disable€the€brain€andŠ  1 Šhence€the€mind,€the€mind€being€the€essence€of€the€realŠ ° °2 Šself.Š H!H3 ŠĢĢĢņņņņÓ  ÓTHE€AUTHOR,€Lawrence€Stevens,€is€a€lawyer€whose€practice€hasŠ Ø#Ø 7 Šincluded€representing€psychiatric€š špatientsšš.€€His€pamphlets€are€notŠ  $ !8 Šcopyrighted.€You€are€invited€to€make€copies€for€distribution€to€thoseŠ ˜$˜!9 Šwho€you€think€will€benefit.€€Other€pamphlets€by€Lawrence€StevensŠ %": Šabout€various€aspects€of€psychiatry€are€available€on€the€Internet€atŠ ˆ%ˆ"; Šwww.antipsychiatry.org€and€other€web€sites.óóóóŠ  &#< ŠŃ g ŃŌ% € ŌĢĢÓŽÜ:øÓŌ#dd__ŌÓ  Óņ ņņņPsychiatric€DrugsóóŠ Œ0 ŠņņÓ:øŽÜÓš"šCure€or€Quackery?ó óóóŠ ł ŠÓ  ÓĢą@\\"ąby€Lawrence€Stevens,€J.D.ˆŠ t ŠŌ#__ddŌĢPsychiatric€drugs€are€worthless,€and€most€of€them€areŠ ¤H Šharmful.€€Many€cause€permanent€brain€dam‚age€at€theŠ <ą Šdoses€customarily€given.€€Psychi‚at‚ric€drugs€and€theŠ Ōx  Šprofes‚sion€that€promotes€them€are€dan‚gers€to€your€Ō_ŌŌ_ŌŠ l  Šhealth.Š  Ø  Šą ` ąMany€psychiatrists€make€grandi‚ose€and€falseŠ œ @  Šclaims€about€the€value€of€psychiatric€drugs.€€For€examƒŠ 4 Ų  Šple,€in€1989€Columbia€Univer‚sity€psychi‚atry€profes‚sorŠ Ģ p  ŠDonald€F.€Klein,€M.D.,€said€š šI'm€willing€to€go€onŠ d   Šrecord€as€saying€that€if€all€the€people€with€depressiveŠ ü    Šillness€got€into€treat‚ment€now,€we€could€probably€helpŠ ” 8  Šabout€90€per‚cent€of€them€with€medi‚cationšš€ņņ(ņņLear'sóó€magaƒŠ , Š  Šzine,€April€1989,€p.€14).óó€€Sim‚ilarly,€in€1984,€University€ofŠ Ä h  ŠIowa€psychia‚try€professor€Nancy€C.€Ō_ŌAndreasenŌ_Ō,€M.D.,Š \  ŠPh.D.,€said€š šthe€antide‚pres‚sants€are€genuine€`won‚derŠ ō˜  Šdrugs'šš€ņņ(ņņThe€Broken€Brainóó,€Harper€&€Row,€p.€206).óóŠ Œ0 Šą ` ąņņThe€Comprehensive€Textbook€of€Psychia‚try/IVóó,Š $Č Špub‚lished€in€1985,€says€š šThe€Ō_Ōtri‚cyclicŌ_Ō-type€drugs€areŠ ¼` Šthe€most€effective€class€of€anti-depres‚santsšš€ņņ(Williams€&Š Tų ŠWilkins,€p.€1520).óó€€But€in€his€book€ņņOvercom‚ing€DepresƒŠ ģ Šsionóó,€published€in€1981,€Dr.€Andrew€Ō_ŌStan‚wayŌ_Ō,€a€BritƒŠ „( Šish€physician,€says€š šIf€anti„depressant€drugs€were€reallyŠ Ą Šas€effective€as€they€are€made€out€to€be,€surely€hospitalŠ “X Šadmission€rates€for€depression€would€have€fallen€overŠ Lš Šthe€twenty€years€they've€been€available.€€Alas,€this€hasŠ äˆ Šnot€hap‚pened.€...€Many€trials€have€found€that€Ō_ŌtricyclicsŌ_ŌŠ |   Šare€only€marginally€more€effective€than€placebos,€andŠ ø! Šsome€have€even€found€that€they€are€not€as€effec‚tive€asŠ ¬P" Šdummy€tab‚letsšš€ņņ(Ō_ŌHamlynŌ_Ō€Publishing€Group,€Ltd.,€p.€159„160).óó€Š Dč# ŠIn€his€textbook€ņņElectro‚convul‚sive€Thera‚pyóó,€RichardР܀$ АAbrams,€M.D.,€Professor€of€Psychi‚atry€at€Chica‚goŠ t% ŠMedical€School,€explains€the€reason€for€the€1988Š  °& Šedition€of€his€book€updating€the€edition€pub‚lished€6Š ¤H' Šyears€earlier:€š šDuring€these€six€years€interest€in€ECTŠ <ą( Šhas€bour†geoned.€...€What€is€respon‚sible€for€this€ņņvolte†Š Ōx) Š-faceóó€in€Ameri‚can€psychia‚try?€€Disenchant‚ment€withŠ l* Šthe€antide‚pressants,€perhaps.€€None€has€been€found€thatŠ Ø+ Šis€therapeu‚ti‚cally€superior€to€Ō_Ōimipra‚mineŌ_Ō€[a€Ō_ŌtricyclicŌ_Ō],Š œ@, Šnow€over€30€years€old,€and€the€more€recent‚lyŠ 4Ų- Šintroduced€com‚pounds€are€often€either€less€effective€orŠ Ģp. Šmore€toxic€than€the€older€drugs,€or€bothšš€ņņ(Oxford€Univ.Š d/ ŠPress,€p.€xi).óó€€In€this€book,€Dr.€Abrams€says€š šde‚spiteŠ ü 0 Šmanufactur‚ers'€claims,€no€signifi‚cant€progress€in€theŠ ”81 Šphar‚macologi‚cal€treat‚ment€of€depres‚sion€has€oc‚curredŠ , Š2 Šsince€the€intro‚duction€of€Ō_Ōimipra‚mineŌ_Ō€in€1958šš€ņņ(p.€7).óó€€InŠ Ä h3 Šthe€For‚ward€to€this€book,€Max€Fink,€M.D.,€a€psychiaƒŠ \! 4 Štry€pro‚fes‚sor€at€the€State€Univer‚sity€of€New€York€atŠ ō!˜ 5 ŠStony€Brook,€says€the€reason€for€in‚creased€use€of€elecƒŠ Œ"0!6 Štro‚convul‚sive€š šthera‚pyšš€(ECT)€as€a€treatment€forŠ $#Č!7 Šdepres‚sion€is€what€he€calls€š šDisappointment€with€theŠ ¼#`"8 Šefficacy€of€Ō_Ōpsycho‚tropicŌ_Ō€drugsšš€ņņ(p.€€vii).óó€In€his€bookŠ T$ų"9 ŠņņPsychiat‚ric€Drugs:€Hazards€to€the€Brainóó,€pub‚lish‚ed€inŠ ģ$#: Š1983,€psychia‚trist€Peter€Ō_ŌBreg‚ginŌ_Ō,€M.D.,€asserts:€š šThe